《Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints》
由DAVID G.LOWE于2004年正式发表的，以上简称SIFT，该文献主要讲解了sift算法的实现原理和过程。
SIFT算法的特点有：
1. SIFT特征是图像的局部特征，其对旋转、尺度缩放、亮度变化保持不变性，对视角变化、仿射变换、噪声也保持一定程度的稳定性；
2. 独特性（Distinctiveness）好，信息量丰富，适用于在海量特征数据库中进行快速、准确的匹配；
3. 多量性，即使少数的几个物体也可以产生大量的SIFT特征向量；
4. 高速性，经优化的SIFT匹配算法甚至可以达到实时的要求；
5. 可扩展性，可以很方便的与其他形式的特征向量进行联合。
SIFT算法可以解决的问题：
目标的自身状态、场景所处的环境和成像器材的成像特性等因素影响图像配准/目标识别跟踪的性能。而SIFT算法在一定程度上可解决：
1. 目标的旋转、缩放、平移（RST）
2. 图像仿射/投影变换（视点viewpoint）
3. 光照影响（illumination）
4. 目标遮挡（occlusion）
5. 杂物场景（clutter）
6. 噪声
SIFT算法的实质是在不同的尺度空间上查找关键点(特征点)，并计算出关键点的方向。SIFT所查找到的关键点是一些十分突出，不会因光照，仿射变换和噪音等因素而变化的点，如角点、边缘点、暗区的亮点及亮区的暗点等。
SIFT算法实现步骤主要有以下几步：
1、构造高斯金字塔图像。利用高斯函数原图像进行卷积运算得到不同尺度空间图像。对上组倒数第三张高斯图片进行降采样，依次进行，假设共分成了S组，每组有S+3层（尺度为2^(s/S)(s={0,1,2....,s+2)）；
2、高斯图像差分得DOG图像。对每组得到的高斯图片进行差分处理，得到高斯差分（DOG）图像；
3、极值点定位，为了寻找高斯差分图像中的极值点，将检测点与该图像中该店的8领域以及相邻上下俩尺度的对应的9个点进行比较，为最大或最小则为极值点；
4、关键点精确定位。利用三次线性插值方法精确定位极值点位置**x**（包括x,y,σ）;
5、去除低对比度和消除边缘响应的极值点。由于DOG图像中边缘会有很强的响应值，因此利用海森矩阵对边缘响应点进行滤除；
6、确定关键点主方向。为了实现图像旋转不变性，需要给特征点的方向进行赋值。利用特征点邻域（3σ，σ=1.5σσ_oct）像素的梯度分布特性来确定其方向参数，再利用图像的梯度直方图求取关键点局部结构稳定方向；
7、描述关键点特征。关键点特征包括坐标位置（x,y）,方向，尺度σ等3个特征，利用4x4x8的特征描述方法共128维特征进行描述；
8、关键点匹配，俩张图像利用上述1-7得到关键点进行欧式距离计算，最短的欧式距离与次短欧式距离比例大于一定值的则为一对匹配点。
由于sift算法原理详解已经有许多了，本人主要是参考博客sift算法详解
以及David Lowe的中文翻译论文从尺度不变的关键点选择可区分的图像特征
接下来主要针对代码进行解析。源代码理解主要是参考Key_Ky博客园的代码注释，在其基础上做了修改并附上一些自己的注释。
首先从detectAndcompute看起。
void SIFT_Impl::detectAndCompute(InputArray _image, InputArray _mask,
std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints,
OutputArray _descriptors,
bool useProvidedKeypoints)
{
int firstOctave = -1, actualNOctaves = 0, actualNLayers = 0;
Mat image = _image.getMat(), mask = _mask.getMat();
if( image.empty() || image.depth() != CV_8U )
CV_Error( Error::StsBadArg, "image is empty or has incorrect depth (!=CV_8U)" );
if( !mask.empty() && mask.type() != CV_8UC1 )
CV_Error( Error::StsBadArg, "mask has incorrect type (!=CV_8UC1)" );
if( useProvidedKeypoints )
{
firstOctave = 0;
int maxOctave = INT_MIN;
for( size_t i = 0; i < keypoints.size(); i++ )
{
int octave, layer;
float scale;
unpackOctave(keypoints[i], octave, layer, scale);//解码操作，具体代码实现可参照下方注释
/*static inline void
unpackOctave(const KeyPoint& kpt, int& octave, int& layer, float& scale)
{
octave = kpt.octave & 255;
layer = (kpt.octave >> 8) & 255;//二进制octave向右移动8位并与255的二进制形式做与操作
octave = octave < 128 ? octave : (-128 | octave);
scale = octave >= 0 ? 1.f/(1 << octave) : (float)(1 << -octave);
}*/
firstOctave = std::min(firstOctave, octave);
maxOctave = std::max(maxOctave, octave);
actualNLayers = std::max(actualNLayers, layer-2);
}
firstOctave = std::min(firstOctave, 0);
CV_Assert( firstOctave >= -1 && actualNLayers <= nOctaveLayers );
actualNOctaves = maxOctave - firstOctave + 1;
}
Mat base = createInitialImage(image, firstOctave < 0, (float)sigma); //是否double size再模糊，返回模糊后的float型Mat
std::vector<Mat> gpyr, dogpyr;
// nOcatves = actualNOctaves 或者 cvRound[log(min(cols, rows)) / log(2) - 2] + 1 -- 如果是500 则大概返回8
int nOctaves = actualNOctaves > 0 ? actualNOctaves : cvRound(std::log( (double)std::min( base.cols, base.rows ) ) / std::log(2.) - 2) - firstOctave;//高斯塔层数（组数）初始化
//double t, tf = getTickFrequency();
//t = (double)getTickCount();
buildGaussianPyramid(base, gpyr, nOctaves); //构建尺度金字塔
buildDoGPyramid(gpyr, dogpyr); //构建DOG金字塔
//t = (double)getTickCount() - t;
//printf("pyramid construction time: %g\n", t*1000./tf);
if( !useProvidedKeypoints )
{
//t = (double)getTickCount();
findScaleSpaceExtrema(gpyr, dogpyr, keypoints); //找到极值点，过滤极值点，根据极值点主方向计算keypoints的angle
KeyPointsFilter::removeDuplicated( keypoints ); //删去坐标相同，size相同(layer_id)，角度相同的点
if( nfeatures > 0 )
KeyPointsFilter::retainBest(keypoints, nfeatures); //takes keypoints and culls them by the response
//t = (double)getTickCount() - t;
//printf("keypoint detection time: %g\n", t*1000./tf);
if( firstOctave < 0 )
for( size_t i = 0; i < keypoints.size(); i++ )
{
KeyPoint& kpt = keypoints[i];
float scale = 1.f/(float)(1 << -firstOctave); //设置初始尺度0.5
kpt.octave = (kpt.octave & ~255) | ((kpt.octave + firstOctave) & 255);
kpt.pt *= scale;
kpt.size *= scale;
}
if( !mask.empty() )
KeyPointsFilter::runByPixelsMask( keypoints, mask );//理解为删除mask区域内的关键点
}
else
{
// filter keypoints by mask
//KeyPointsFilter::runByPixelsMask( keypoints, mask );
}
if( _descriptors.needed() ) //如果要计算描述子
{
//t = (double)getTickCount();
int dsize = descriptorSize();//定义描述子的维度4*4*8
_descriptors.create((int)keypoints.size(), dsize, CV_32F); //初始化内存
Mat descriptors = _descriptors.getMat();//不懂这一步是干嘛，可以参照如下函数自行理解
/*inline Mat _InputArray::getMat(int i) const
{
if( kind() == MAT && i < 0 )
return *(const Mat*)obj;
return getMat_(i);
}*/
calcDescriptors(gpyr, keypoints, descriptors, nOctaveLayers, firstOctave); //对关键点进行描述并将特征存入descriptors
//t = (double)getTickCount() - t;
//printf("descriptor extraction time: %g\n", t*1000./tf);
}
}该函数分别调用了
createInitialImage
buildGaussianPyramid
buildDoGPyramid
findScaleSpaceExtrema 找到极值点
adjustLocalExtrema 去掉不好的极值点
calcOrientationHist 计算主方向
KeyPointsFilter::removeDuplicated 删除重复的点
KeyPointsFilter::retainBest 根据响应保留最好的点
calcDescriptors 计算最终的方向描述符
然后各自的源码注释： createInitialImage就是将初始图片进行两倍放大然后模糊作为高斯金字塔的底。
//如果是要doubleImageSize就resize一下再模糊，否则直接模糊
static Mat createInitialImage( const Mat& img, bool doubleImageSize, float sigma ) //image, firstOctave < 0, (float)sigma
{
Mat gray, gray_fpt;
if( img.channels() == 3 || img.channels() == 4 )
cvtColor(img, gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY); //转成灰度图像
else
img.copyTo(gray); //拷贝到gray中
//转成float型进行高斯模糊
gray.convertTo(gray_fpt, DataType<sift_wt>::type, SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE, 0); // SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE -> 1
float sig_diff;//高斯模糊内核大小
if( doubleImageSize )//是否放大俩倍后在进行高斯模糊
{
sig_diff = sqrtf( std::max(sigma * sigma - SIFT_INIT_SIGMA * SIFT_INIT_SIGMA * 4, 0.01f) ); // SIFT_INIT_SIGMA = 0.5f
Mat dbl;
resize(gray_fpt, dbl, Size(gray.cols*2, gray.rows*2), 0, 0, INTER_LINEAR); //resize成两倍
GaussianBlur(dbl, dbl, Size(), sig_diff, sig_diff); //sig_diff=sigma^2-1, 0.01f
// can differ but they both must be positive and odd. Or, they can be zero’s and then they are computed from sigma*
return dbl;
}
else
{
sig_diff = sqrtf( std::max(sigma * sigma - SIFT_INIT_SIGMA * SIFT_INIT_SIGMA, 0.01f) );
GaussianBlur(gray_fpt, gray_fpt, Size(), sig_diff, sig_diff);
return gray_fpt;
}
}buildGaussianPyramid 就是构建高斯金字塔，模拟人眼的尺度空间。
void SIFT_Impl::buildGaussianPyramid( const Mat& base, std::vector<Mat>& pyr, int nOctaves ) const //base, gpyr, nOctaves
{
std::vector<double> sig(nOctaveLayers + 3); //nOctaveLayers是输入每组的层数， +3是为了保证尺度连续
pyr.resize(nOctaves*(nOctaveLayers + 3));
//nOctaves为高斯金字塔的层数（组数）
// precompute Gaussian sigmas using the following formula:
// \sigma_{total}^2 = \sigma_{i}^2 + \sigma_{i-1}^2
sig[0] = sigma;//sig每层的基础sigma即初始尺度大小
double k = std::pow( 2., 1. / nOctaveLayers ); //k因子，== 2^(1/s) s is number of layers
for( int i = 1; i < nOctaveLayers + 3; i++ )
{
double sig_prev = std::pow(k, (double)(i-1))*sigma; // k^(i-1) * sigma 每层的sigma
double sig_total = sig_prev*k; //k^i * sigma
sig[i] = std::sqrt(sig_total*sig_total - sig_prev*sig_prev); //sqrt(k^2-1) * sig_prev ,每层高斯模糊核大小
}
for( int o = 0; o < nOctaves; o++ )
{
for( int i = 0; i < nOctaveLayers + 3; i++ )
{
Mat& dst = pyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i]; //取出第o个金字塔的第i层
if( o == 0 && i == 0 ) //如果是第0个金字塔的第0层就直接赋值就好
dst = base;
// base of new octave is halved image from end of previous octave
else if( i == 0 ) //如果是下一个金字塔的第0层，需要用第nOctaveLayers层进行缩放
{
const Mat& src = pyr[(o-1)*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + nOctaveLayers];
resize(src, dst, Size(src.cols/2, src.rows/2), //缩小一倍
0, 0, INTER_NEAREST);
}
else
{
const Mat& src = pyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i-1]; //平常的层就由其上一层进行模糊得到
GaussianBlur(src, dst, Size(), sig[i], sig[i]);
}
}
}
}buildDoGPyramid，计算DOG
void SIFT_Impl::buildDoGPyramid( const std::vector<Mat>& gpyr, std::vector<Mat>& dogpyr ) const
{
int nOctaves = (int)gpyr.size()/(nOctaveLayers + 3); //从高斯尺度金字塔中计算出有多少座金字塔
dogpyr.resize( nOctaves*(nOctaveLayers + 2) ); //DOG金字塔的层数是高斯金字塔层数-1
for( int o = 0; o < nOctaves; o++ )
{
for( int i = 0; i < nOctaveLayers + 2; i++ )
{
const Mat& src1 = gpyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i]; //取该层
const Mat& src2 = gpyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i + 1]; //取上面一层
Mat& dst = dogpyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 2) + i];
subtract(src2, src1, dst, noArray(), DataType<sift_wt>::type); //做差 src2-src1 -> dst 上面一层减去下面一层然后存到dst中
}
}
}findScaleSpaceExtrema，就是求尺度空间的极大极小点
//
// Detects features at extrema in DoG scale space. Bad features are discarded
// based on contrast and ratio of principal curvatures.
void SIFT_Impl::findScaleSpaceExtrema( const std::vector<Mat>& gauss_pyr, const std::vector<Mat>& dog_pyr,
std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints ) const
{
int nOctaves = (int)gauss_pyr.size()/(nOctaveLayers + 3); //获得金字塔的个数
int threshold = cvFloor(0.5 * contrastThreshold / nOctaveLayers * 255 * SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE); //contrastThreshold由用户给出
//threshold其实和contrastThreshold成正比和nOctaveLayers成反比
const int n = SIFT_ORI_HIST_BINS; //SIFT_ORI_HIST_BINS = 36; 方向的bin的个数
float hist[n]; //直方图
KeyPoint kpt; //关键点
keypoints.clear(); //清除原本的keypoints,
//用clear方法并没有释放内存,详情见：http://blog.jobbole.com/37700/
//可以考虑vector<KeyPoint>(keypoints).swap(keypoints);
for( int o = 0; o < nOctaves; o++ ) //从第0个金字塔开始
for( int i = 1; i <= nOctaveLayers; i++ ) //这个范围需要举个例子就明白了5+3层的G层就有5+2的DOG层，然后去头去尾从第1到第6层，第6层的标号就是nOctaveLayers
{
int idx = o*(nOctaveLayers+2)+i;
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx]; //取出中间一层
const Mat& prev = dog_pyr[idx-1]; //取出下面一层
const Mat& next = dog_pyr[idx+1]; //取出上面一层
int step = (int)img.step1();
int rows = img.rows, cols = img.cols;
//SIFT_IMG_BORDER = 5; 这个仅仅只是为了防止越界
//从5开始到rows-5，防止越界
for( int r = SIFT_IMG_BORDER; r < rows-SIFT_IMG_BORDER; r++)
{
const sift_wt* currptr = img.ptr<sift_wt>(r); //获取img的第r行的float指针
const sift_wt* prevptr = prev.ptr<sift_wt>(r);
const sift_wt* nextptr = next.ptr<sift_wt>(r);
for( int c = SIFT_IMG_BORDER; c < cols-SIFT_IMG_BORDER; c++)
{
sift_wt val = currptr[c]; //取得img的 第r行第c列的像素值
// find local extrema with pixel accuracy
//极大极小值都需要，是在上层下层和周围3*3的像素正方体下判断极值
if( std::abs(val) > threshold && //绝对值大于阈值要响应强烈
((val > 0 && val >= currptr[c-1] && val >= currptr[c+1] &&
val >= currptr[c-step-1] && val >= currptr[c-step] && val >= currptr[c-step+1] &&
val >= currptr[c+step-1] && val >= currptr[c+step] && val >= currptr[c+step+1] &&
val >= nextptr[c] && val >= nextptr[c-1] && val >= nextptr[c+1] &&
val >= nextptr[c-step-1] && val >= nextptr[c-step] && val >= nextptr[c-step+1] &&
val >= nextptr[c+step-1] && val >= nextptr[c+step] && val >= nextptr[c+step+1] &&
val >= prevptr[c] && val >= prevptr[c-1] && val >= prevptr[c+1] &&
val >= prevptr[c-step-1] && val >= prevptr[c-step] && val >= prevptr[c-step+1] &&
val >= prevptr[c+step-1] && val >= prevptr[c+step] && val >= prevptr[c+step+1]) ||
(val < 0 && val <= currptr[c-1] && val <= currptr[c+1] &&
val <= currptr[c-step-1] && val <= currptr[c-step] && val <= currptr[c-step+1] &&
val <= currptr[c+step-1] && val <= currptr[c+step] && val <= currptr[c+step+1] &&
val <= nextptr[c] && val <= nextptr[c-1] && val <= nextptr[c+1] &&
val <= nextptr[c-step-1] && val <= nextptr[c-step] && val <= nextptr[c-step+1] &&
val <= nextptr[c+step-1] && val <= nextptr[c+step] && val <= nextptr[c+step+1] &&
val <= prevptr[c] && val <= prevptr[c-1] && val <= prevptr[c+1] &&
val <= prevptr[c-step-1] && val <= prevptr[c-step] && val <= prevptr[c-step+1] &&
val <= prevptr[c+step-1] && val <= prevptr[c+step] && val <= prevptr[c+step+1])))
{
int r1 = r, c1 = c, layer = i; //取得r行号，c列号，layer在DOG的层号
if( !adjustLocalExtrema(dog_pyr, kpt, o, layer, r1, c1, //过滤不好的极值点
nOctaveLayers, (float)contrastThreshold,
(float)edgeThreshold, (float)sigma) )
continue;
//kpt.size = sigma*powf(2.f, (layer + xi) / nOctaveLayers)*(1 << octv)*2; 后面这两项(1 << octv)*2不是和0.5f/(1 << o)低效了吗
float scl_octv = kpt.size*0.5f/(1 << o); //o越大就要缩小1/2^o倍，由于金字塔之间是有resize的
float omax = calcOrientationHist(gauss_pyr[o*(nOctaveLayers+3) + layer],
Point(c1, r1), //对于极值点求方向直方图
cvRound(SIFT_ORI_RADIUS * scl_octv), //SIFT_ORI_RADIUS = 3 * SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR;
SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR * scl_octv, // SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR = 1.5f;
hist, n);
float mag_thr = (float)(omax * SIFT_ORI_PEAK_RATIO); // SIFT_ORI_PEAK_RATIO = 0.8f;
for( int j = 0; j < n; j++ )
{
int l = j > 0 ? j - 1 : n - 1;
int r2 = j < n-1 ? j + 1 : 0;
if( hist[j] > hist[l] && hist[j] > hist[r2] && hist[j] >= mag_thr ) //比较该bin和周边两个bin的值大小，并且要大于等于最大方向幅值的0.8倍
{ //这里的插值求极值的公式，估计是通过Newton等距插值然后求导得到，我算了一早上没算出来，但是应该是这样推导没错
//Adds features to an array for every orientation in a histogram greater than a specified threshold.
float bin = j + 0.5f * (hist[l]-hist[r2]) / (hist[l] - 2*hist[j] + hist[r2]); //Interpolates a histogram peak from left, center, and right values
bin = bin < 0 ? n + bin : bin >= n ? bin - n : bin; //控制在[0,n]当中
kpt.angle = 360.f - (float)((360.f/n) * bin);
if(std::abs(kpt.angle - 360.f) < FLT_EPSILON) //FLT_EPSILON是浮点数非常小的一个数1.19209290E-07F
kpt.angle = 0.f;
keypoints.push_back(kpt);
}
}
}
}
}
}
}adjustLocalExtrema，使用泰勒展开然后求导得到极值点的逼近算法，不断逼近可能的极值点，如果所走的步长小于0.5，在离散的条件下就是该点为极值点。并且计算极值点的幅值并且要求该极值要足够的大，然后还有主曲率用Hassian矩阵来判断就像Harris角点检测一样，取出边界响应的极值点。最后还对keypoint的坐标等进行编码（完全看不懂），可以使用unpackOctave进行解码。
//
// Interpolates a scale-space extremum's location and scale to subpixel
// accuracy to form an image feature. Rejects features with low contrast.
// Based on Section 4 of Lowe's paper.
static bool adjustLocalExtrema( const std::vector<Mat>& dog_pyr, KeyPoint& kpt, int octv, //octv,layer,r,c显示了关键点的位置
int& layer, int& r, int& c, int nOctaveLayers, //还有四组参数nOctaveLayers，contrastThreshold，edgeThreshold，sigma
float contrastThreshold, float edgeThreshold, float sigma )
{
const float img_scale = 1.f/(255*SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE); //pixel的scale因子
const float deriv_scale = img_scale*0.5f;
const float second_deriv_scale = img_scale;
const float cross_deriv_scale = img_scale*0.25f;
float xi=0, xr=0, xc=0, contr=0;
int i = 0;
for( ; i < SIFT_MAX_INTERP_STEPS; i++ ) // maximum steps of keypoint interpolation before failure
{
int idx = octv*(nOctaveLayers+2) + layer; //找到该层
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx];//分别获得该层和上下两层
const Mat& prev = dog_pyr[idx-1];
const Mat& next = dog_pyr[idx+1];
Vec3f dD((img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1))*deriv_scale, //列上的差分/2就是一阶导数，然后还要归一化到0-1
(img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) - img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c))*deriv_scale, //行上的差分
(next.at<sift_wt>(r, c) - prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c))*deriv_scale); //尺度上的差分
float v2 = (float)img.at<sift_wt>(r, c)*2;
float dxx = (img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1) - v2)*second_deriv_scale; //求导
float dyy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dss = (next.at<sift_wt>(r, c) + prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dxy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c-1) -
img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c-1))*cross_deriv_scale;
float dxs = (next.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - next.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1) -
prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) + prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1))*cross_deriv_scale;
float dys = (next.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) - next.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) -
prev.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) + prev.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c))*cross_deriv_scale;
Matx33f H(dxx, dxy, dxs,
dxy, dyy, dys,
dxs, dys, dss);
Vec3f X = H.solve(dD, DECOMP_LU); //LU分解
xi = -X[2];
xr = -X[1];
xc = -X[0];
if( std::abs(xi) < 0.5f && std::abs(xr) < 0.5f && std::abs(xc) < 0.5f ) //发现只能移动小于1/2，那其实极值点就是该点，在离散情况下就不需要移动了
break;
if( std::abs(xi) > (float)(INT_MAX/3) || //如果太过于大了就直接抛弃
std::abs(xr) > (float)(INT_MAX/3) || //什么情况会发生这个，我也不太清楚
std::abs(xc) > (float)(INT_MAX/3) ) //这个问题需要看数值分析
return false;
c += cvRound(xc);
r += cvRound(xr);
layer += cvRound(xi);
if( layer < 1 || layer > nOctaveLayers ||
c < SIFT_IMG_BORDER || c >= img.cols - SIFT_IMG_BORDER ||
r < SIFT_IMG_BORDER || r >= img.rows - SIFT_IMG_BORDER ) //这个条件根本不可能发生。是为了鲁棒吧
return false;
}
// ensure convergence of interpolation
if( i >= SIFT_MAX_INTERP_STEPS ) //如果移动次数太多也抛弃，代表其实可能是局部像素抖动使得恰好其满足了极值条件
return false;
{
int idx = octv*(nOctaveLayers+2) + layer;
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx];
const Mat& prev = dog_pyr[idx-1];
const Mat& next = dog_pyr[idx+1];
Matx31f dD((img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1))*deriv_scale,
(img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) - img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c))*deriv_scale,
(next.at<sift_wt>(r, c) - prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c))*deriv_scale);
float t = dD.dot(Matx31f(xc, xr, xi));
contr = img.at<sift_wt>(r, c)*img_scale + t * 0.5f;
if( std::abs( contr ) * nOctaveLayers < contrastThreshold ) //判断新的极值点的极值要大
return false;
// principal curvatures are computed using the trace and det of Hessian
float v2 = img.at<sift_wt>(r, c)*2.f; //类似Harris角点检测去除线条的极值点和
float dxx = (img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dyy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dxy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c-1) -
img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c-1)) * cross_deriv_scale;
float tr = dxx + dyy;
float det = dxx * dyy - dxy * dxy;
if( det <= 0 || tr*tr*edgeThreshold >= (edgeThreshold + 1)*(edgeThreshold + 1)*det )
return false;
}
kpt.pt.x = (c + xc) * (1 << octv); //不明白， (c+xc) * (2^octv) 这里编码了，估计是使用unpackOctave进行解码
kpt.pt.y = (r + xr) * (1 << octv);
kpt.octave = octv + (layer << 8) + (cvRound((xi + 0.5)*255) << 16);
kpt.size = sigma*powf(2.f, (layer + xi) / nOctaveLayers)*(1 << octv)*2;
kpt.response = std::abs(contr); //响应就是泰勒展开后求导后的带入的极值
return true;
}calcOrientationHist 计算极值点的主方向，在findScaleSpaceExtrema中最后有个细节就是它还保存一些方向较好的极值点，结果就是同一个极值点坐标可能有两个angle
/*
@img: 极值点所处的高斯金字塔的第layer层的图像
@pt: 极值点的列号和行号
@radius: radius -> SIFT_ORI_RADIUS*scl_octv -> SIFT_ORI_RADIUS*pt.size -> SIFT_ORI_RADIUS*sigma*powf(2.f, (layer + xi) / nOctaveLayers)
@sigma: SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR * scl_octv, // SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR = 1.5f;
@hist: 直方图 float hist[n];
@n: 直方图bin的个数
*/
// Computes a gradient orientation histogram at a specified pixel
static float calcOrientationHist( const Mat& img, Point pt, int radius,
float sigma, float* hist, int n )
{
int i, j, k, len = (radius*2+1)*(radius*2+1); //len直径+1变奇数
float expf_scale = -1.f/(2.f * sigma * sigma); //与sigma^2成反比的一个东西
AutoBuffer<float> buf(len*4 + n+4); //n个bin，
float *X = buf, *Y = X + len, *Mag = X, *Ori = Y + len, *W = Ori + len;
//X指向0, Y指向len, Mag指向X, Ori指向2len, W指向3len
float* temphist = W + len + 2; //temphist指向4len+2, 后面4len 和 4len+1有用处, 以及4len+n 和 4len+n+1也有用处, 用来平滑
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) //初始化为0
temphist[i] = 0.f;
for( i = -radius, k = 0; i <= radius; i++ ) //在特征点pt.x,pt.y周围按radius取一块正方块
{
int y = pt.y + i; //取该正方块左上的点
if( y <= 0 || y >= img.rows - 1 ) //如果越界就该块的下一个像素
continue;
for( j = -radius; j <= radius; j++ )
{
int x = pt.x + j;
if( x <= 0 || x >= img.cols - 1 ) //如果越界就下一个
continue;
float dx = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(y, x+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(y, x-1)); //计算该块所取出的像素点的x方向梯度
float dy = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(y-1, x) - img.at<sift_wt>(y+1, x)); //y方向梯度
X[k] = dx; Y[k] = dy; W[k] = (i*i + j*j)*expf_scale; //X存该像素的dx, Y存dy, W存距离与极值点的距离的平方的expf_scale因子倍
k++; //记录取出了多少块，其实就是没有越界的像素个数
}
}
len = k;
// compute gradient values, orientations and the weights over the pixel neighborhood
cv::hal::exp32f(W, W, len); //计算exp^W存到W中
cv::hal::fastAtan2(Y, X, Ori, len, true); //计算arctan(y/x)存到Ori中, true是以角度返回, false以弧度返回, 范围是0-360
cv::hal::magnitude32f(X, Y, Mag, len); //计算幅值 存入到 Mag中
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
int bin = cvRound((n/360.f)*Ori[k]); //计算所属的bin号
if( bin >= n )
bin -= n;
if( bin < 0 )
bin += n;
temphist[bin] += W[k]*Mag[k]; //根据距离进行加权
}
// smooth the histogram
temphist[-1] = temphist[n-1];
temphist[-2] = temphist[n-2];
temphist[n] = temphist[0];
temphist[n+1] = temphist[1];
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
{
hist[i] = (temphist[i-2] + temphist[i+2])*(1.f/16.f) + //其实就是加权平滑，用左右2个距离的直方图幅值进行平滑
(temphist[i-1] + temphist[i+1])*(4.f/16.f) +
temphist[i]*(6.f/16.f);
}
float maxval = hist[0];
for( i = 1; i < n; i++ )
maxval = std::max(maxval, hist[i]); //返回最大的方向的直方图幅值
return maxval;
}KeyPointsFilter::removeDuplicated( keypoints ); //删去坐标相同，size相同(layer_id)，角度相同的点，可以去看源码（keypoint）
KeyPointsFilter::retainBest(keypoints, nfeatures); //takes keypoints and culls them by the response
calcDescriptors 就是计算极值点的梯度方向描述符
static void calcDescriptors(const std::vector<Mat>& gpyr, const std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints,
Mat& descriptors, int nOctaveLayers, int firstOctave )
{
int d = SIFT_DESCR_WIDTH, n = SIFT_DESCR_HIST_BINS;
for( size_t i = 0; i < keypoints.size(); i++ )
{
KeyPoint kpt = keypoints[i];
int octave, layer;
float scale;
unpackOctave(kpt, octave, layer, scale);
CV_Assert(octave >= firstOctave && layer <= nOctaveLayers+2);
float size=kpt.size*scale;
Point2f ptf(kpt.pt.x*scale, kpt.pt.y*scale); //用unpackOctave进行解码，恢复了x,y坐标
const Mat& img = gpyr[(octave - firstOctave)*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + layer];
float angle = 360.f - kpt.angle;
if(std::abs(angle - 360.f) < FLT_EPSILON)
angle = 0.f;
calcSIFTDescriptor(img, ptf, angle, size*0.5f, d, n, descriptors.ptr<float>((int)i));
}
}calcSIFTDescriptor 很难懂，尤其是在旋转到主方向那里，还有插值那里。最后那里有个细节就是这个描述符输出的是一连串uchar整数，（应该是可以直接使用的吧，毕竟同一个计算算法而且没有随机的因素在里面所得到的描述符肯定可以进行比较，待验证），原因到时候可以参考我前面的一个SIFT博客，主要是为了节省空间。
static void calcSIFTDescriptor( const Mat& img, Point2f ptf, float ori, float scl,
int d, int n, float* dst )
{
Point pt(cvRound(ptf.x), cvRound(ptf.y));
float cos_t = cosf(ori*(float)(CV_PI/180));
float sin_t = sinf(ori*(float)(CV_PI/180));
float bins_per_rad = n / 360.f;
float exp_scale = -1.f/(d * d * 0.5f);
float hist_width = SIFT_DESCR_SCL_FCTR * scl; // determines the size of a single descriptor orientation histogram SIFT_DESCR_SCL_FCTR = 3.f;
int radius = cvRound(hist_width * 1.4142135623730951f * (d + 1) * 0.5f);
// Clip the radius to the diagonal of the image to avoid autobuffer too large exception
radius = std::min(radius, (int) sqrt((double) img.cols*img.cols + img.rows*img.rows));
cos_t /= hist_width;
sin_t /= hist_width;
int i, j, k, len = (radius*2+1)*(radius*2+1), histlen = (d+2)*(d+2)*(n+2); //d==4 , n==8
int rows = img.rows, cols = img.cols;
AutoBuffer<float> buf(len*6 + histlen);
float *X = buf, *Y = X + len, *Mag = Y, *Ori = Mag + len, *W = Ori + len;
float *RBin = W + len, *CBin = RBin + len, *hist = CBin + len;
for( i = 0; i < d+2; i++ )
{
for( j = 0; j < d+2; j++ )
for( k = 0; k < n+2; k++ )
hist[(i*(d+2) + j)*(n+2) + k] = 0.;
}
for( i = -radius, k = 0; i <= radius; i++ )
for( j = -radius; j <= radius; j++ )
{
// Calculate sample's histogram array coords rotated relative to ori.
// Subtract 0.5 so samples that fall e.g. in the center of row 1 (i.e.
// r_rot = 1.5) have full weight placed in row 1 after interpolation.
float c_rot = j * cos_t - i * sin_t; //乘以旋转矩阵 并且还放缩了 hist_width？？
float r_rot = j * sin_t + i * cos_t;
float rbin = r_rot + d/2 - 0.5f; //没看懂
float cbin = c_rot + d/2 - 0.5f;
int r = pt.y + i, c = pt.x + j; //j是x方向，i是y方向
if( rbin > -1 && rbin < d && cbin > -1 && cbin < d &&
r > 0 && r < rows - 1 && c > 0 && c < cols - 1 )
{
float dx = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1)); //就算旋转后，不影响计算梯度
float dy = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) - img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c));
X[k] = dx; Y[k] = dy; RBin[k] = rbin; CBin[k] = cbin;
W[k] = (c_rot * c_rot + r_rot * r_rot)*exp_scale;
k++;
}
}
len = k;
cv::hal::fastAtan2(Y, X, Ori, len, true); //计算梯度方向
cv::hal::magnitude32f(X, Y, Mag, len); //计算幅值
cv::hal::exp32f(W, W, len); //计算权重
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
float rbin = RBin[k], cbin = CBin[k];
float obin = (Ori[k] - ori)*bins_per_rad;
float mag = Mag[k]*W[k];
int r0 = cvFloor( rbin );
int c0 = cvFloor( cbin );
int o0 = cvFloor( obin );
rbin -= r0;
cbin -= c0;
obin -= o0;
if( o0 < 0 )
o0 += n;
if( o0 >= n )
o0 -= n;
// histogram update using tri-linear interpolation
float v_r1 = mag*rbin, v_r0 = mag - v_r1; //没看懂, tri-linear
float v_rc11 = v_r1*cbin, v_rc10 = v_r1 - v_rc11;
float v_rc01 = v_r0*cbin, v_rc00 = v_r0 - v_rc01;
float v_rco111 = v_rc11*obin, v_rco110 = v_rc11 - v_rco111;
float v_rco101 = v_rc10*obin, v_rco100 = v_rc10 - v_rco101;
float v_rco011 = v_rc01*obin, v_rco010 = v_rc01 - v_rco011;
float v_rco001 = v_rc00*obin, v_rco000 = v_rc00 - v_rco001;
int idx = ((r0+1)*(d+2) + c0+1)*(n+2) + o0;
hist[idx] += v_rco000;
hist[idx+1] += v_rco001;
hist[idx+(n+2)] += v_rco010;
hist[idx+(n+3)] += v_rco011;
hist[idx+(d+2)*(n+2)] += v_rco100;
hist[idx+(d+2)*(n+2)+1] += v_rco101;
hist[idx+(d+3)*(n+2)] += v_rco110;
hist[idx+(d+3)*(n+2)+1] += v_rco111;
}
// finalize histogram, since the orientation histograms are circular
for( i = 0; i < d; i++ )
for( j = 0; j < d; j++ )
{
int idx = ((i+1)*(d+2) + (j+1))*(n+2);
hist[idx] += hist[idx+n];
hist[idx+1] += hist[idx+n+1];
for( k = 0; k < n; k++ )
dst[(i*d + j)*n + k] = hist[idx+k];
}
// copy histogram to the descriptor,
// apply hysteresis thresholding
// and scale the result, so that it can be easily converted
// to byte array
float nrm2 = 0;
len = d*d*n;
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
nrm2 += dst[k]*dst[k];
float thr = std::sqrt(nrm2)*SIFT_DESCR_MAG_THR;
for( i = 0, nrm2 = 0; i < k; i++ )
{
float val = std::min(dst[i], thr);
dst[i] = val;
nrm2 += val*val;
}
nrm2 = SIFT_INT_DESCR_FCTR/std::max(std::sqrt(nrm2), FLT_EPSILON);
#if 1
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
dst[k] = saturate_cast<uchar>(dst[k]*nrm2);
}
#else
float nrm1 = 0;
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
dst[k] *= nrm2;
nrm1 += dst[k];
}
nrm1 = 1.f/std::max(nrm1, FLT_EPSILON);
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
dst[k] = std::sqrt(dst[k] * nrm1);//saturate_cast<uchar>(std::sqrt(dst[k] * nrm1)*SIFT_INT_DESCR_FCTR);
}
#endif
}最后附上opencv3.4.1中sift.cpp源代码
#include "precomp.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <opencv2/core/hal/hal.hpp>
namespace cv
{
namespace xfeatures2d
{
/*!
SIFT implementation.
The class implements SIFT algorithm by D. Lowe.
*/
class SIFT_Impl : public SIFT
{
public:
explicit SIFT_Impl( int nfeatures = 0, int nOctaveLayers = 3,
double contrastThreshold = 0.04, double edgeThreshold = 10,
double sigma = 1.6);
//! returns the descriptor size in floats (128)
int descriptorSize() const;
//! returns the descriptor type
int descriptorType() const;
//! returns the default norm type
int defaultNorm() const;
//! finds the keypoints and computes descriptors for them using SIFT algorithm.
//! Optionally it can compute descriptors for the user-provided keypoints
void detectAndCompute(InputArray img, InputArray mask,
std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints,
OutputArray descriptors,
bool useProvidedKeypoints = false);
void buildGaussianPyramid( const Mat& base, std::vector<Mat>& pyr, int nOctaves ) const;
void buildDoGPyramid( const std::vector<Mat>& pyr, std::vector<Mat>& dogpyr ) const;
void findScaleSpaceExtrema( const std::vector<Mat>& gauss_pyr, const std::vector<Mat>& dog_pyr,
std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints ) const;
protected:
CV_PROP_RW int nfeatures;
CV_PROP_RW int nOctaveLayers;
CV_PROP_RW double contrastThreshold;
CV_PROP_RW double edgeThreshold;
CV_PROP_RW double sigma;
};
Ptr<SIFT> SIFT::create( int _nfeatures, int _nOctaveLayers,
double _contrastThreshold, double _edgeThreshold, double _sigma )
{
return makePtr<SIFT_Impl>(_nfeatures, _nOctaveLayers, _contrastThreshold, _edgeThreshold, _sigma);
}
/******************************* Defs and macros *****************************/
// default width of descriptor histogram array
static const int SIFT_DESCR_WIDTH = 4;
// default number of bins per histogram in descriptor array
static const int SIFT_DESCR_HIST_BINS = 8;
// assumed gaussian blur for input image
static const float SIFT_INIT_SIGMA = 0.5f;
// width of border in which to ignore keypoints
static const int SIFT_IMG_BORDER = 5;
// maximum steps of keypoint interpolation before failure
static const int SIFT_MAX_INTERP_STEPS = 5;
// default number of bins in histogram for orientation assignment
static const int SIFT_ORI_HIST_BINS = 36;
// determines gaussian sigma for orientation assignment
static const float SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR = 1.5f;
// determines the radius of the region used in orientation assignment
static const float SIFT_ORI_RADIUS = 3 * SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR;
// orientation magnitude relative to max that results in new feature
static const float SIFT_ORI_PEAK_RATIO = 0.8f;
// determines the size of a single descriptor orientation histogram
static const float SIFT_DESCR_SCL_FCTR = 3.f;
// threshold on magnitude of elements of descriptor vector
static const float SIFT_DESCR_MAG_THR = 0.2f;
// factor used to convert floating-point descriptor to unsigned char
static const float SIFT_INT_DESCR_FCTR = 512.f;
#define DoG_TYPE_SHORT 0
#if DoG_TYPE_SHORT
// intermediate type used for DoG pyramids
typedef short sift_wt;
static const int SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE = 48;
#else
// intermediate type used for DoG pyramids
typedef float sift_wt;
static const int SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE = 1;
#endif
static inline void
unpackOctave(const KeyPoint& kpt, int& octave, int& layer, float& scale)
{
octave = kpt.octave & 255;
layer = (kpt.octave >> 8) & 255;
octave = octave < 128 ? octave : (-128 | octave);
scale = octave >= 0 ? 1.f/(1 << octave) : (float)(1 << -octave);
}
static Mat createInitialImage( const Mat& img, bool doubleImageSize, float sigma )
{
Mat gray, gray_fpt;
if( img.channels() == 3 || img.channels() == 4 )
{
cvtColor(img, gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
gray.convertTo(gray_fpt, DataType<sift_wt>::type, SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE, 0);
}
else
img.convertTo(gray_fpt, DataType<sift_wt>::type, SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE, 0);
float sig_diff;
if( doubleImageSize )
{
sig_diff = sqrtf( std::max(sigma * sigma - SIFT_INIT_SIGMA * SIFT_INIT_SIGMA * 4, 0.01f) );
Mat dbl;
#if DoG_TYPE_SHORT
resize(gray_fpt, dbl, Size(gray_fpt.cols*2, gray_fpt.rows*2), 0, 0, INTER_LINEAR_EXACT);
#else
resize(gray_fpt, dbl, Size(gray_fpt.cols*2, gray_fpt.rows*2), 0, 0, INTER_LINEAR);
#endif
GaussianBlur(dbl, dbl, Size(), sig_diff, sig_diff);
return dbl;
}
else
{
sig_diff = sqrtf( std::max(sigma * sigma - SIFT_INIT_SIGMA * SIFT_INIT_SIGMA, 0.01f) );
GaussianBlur(gray_fpt, gray_fpt, Size(), sig_diff, sig_diff);
return gray_fpt;
}
}
void SIFT_Impl::buildGaussianPyramid( const Mat& base, std::vector<Mat>& pyr, int nOctaves ) const
{
std::vector<double> sig(nOctaveLayers + 3);
pyr.resize(nOctaves*(nOctaveLayers + 3));
// precompute Gaussian sigmas using the following formula:
// \sigma_{total}^2 = \sigma_{i}^2 + \sigma_{i-1}^2
sig[0] = sigma;
double k = std::pow( 2., 1. / nOctaveLayers );
for( int i = 1; i < nOctaveLayers + 3; i++ )
{
double sig_prev = std::pow(k, (double)(i-1))*sigma;
double sig_total = sig_prev*k;
sig[i] = std::sqrt(sig_total*sig_total - sig_prev*sig_prev);
}
for( int o = 0; o < nOctaves; o++ )
{
for( int i = 0; i < nOctaveLayers + 3; i++ )
{
Mat& dst = pyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i];
if( o == 0 && i == 0 )
dst = base;
// base of new octave is halved image from end of previous octave
else if( i == 0 )
{
const Mat& src = pyr[(o-1)*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + nOctaveLayers];
resize(src, dst, Size(src.cols/2, src.rows/2),
0, 0, INTER_NEAREST);
}
else
{
const Mat& src = pyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i-1];
GaussianBlur(src, dst, Size(), sig[i], sig[i]);
}
}
}
}
class buildDoGPyramidComputer : public ParallelLoopBody
{
public:
buildDoGPyramidComputer(
int _nOctaveLayers,
const std::vector<Mat>& _gpyr,
std::vector<Mat>& _dogpyr)
: nOctaveLayers(_nOctaveLayers),
gpyr(_gpyr),
dogpyr(_dogpyr) { }
void operator()( const cv::Range& range ) const
{
const int begin = range.start;
const int end = range.end;
for( int a = begin; a < end; a++ )
{
const int o = a / (nOctaveLayers + 2);
const int i = a % (nOctaveLayers + 2);
const Mat& src1 = gpyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i];
const Mat& src2 = gpyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + i + 1];
Mat& dst = dogpyr[o*(nOctaveLayers + 2) + i];
subtract(src2, src1, dst, noArray(), DataType<sift_wt>::type);
}
}
private:
int nOctaveLayers;
const std::vector<Mat>& gpyr;
std::vector<Mat>& dogpyr;
};
void SIFT_Impl::buildDoGPyramid( const std::vector<Mat>& gpyr, std::vector<Mat>& dogpyr ) const
{
int nOctaves = (int)gpyr.size()/(nOctaveLayers + 3);
dogpyr.resize( nOctaves*(nOctaveLayers + 2) );
parallel_for_(Range(0, nOctaves * (nOctaveLayers + 2)), buildDoGPyramidComputer(nOctaveLayers, gpyr, dogpyr));
}
// Computes a gradient orientation histogram at a specified pixel
static float calcOrientationHist( const Mat& img, Point pt, int radius,
float sigma, float* hist, int n )
{
int i, j, k, len = (radius*2+1)*(radius*2+1);
float expf_scale = -1.f/(2.f * sigma * sigma);
AutoBuffer<float> buf(len*4 + n+4);
float *X = buf, *Y = X + len, *Mag = X, *Ori = Y + len, *W = Ori + len;
float* temphist = W + len + 2;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
temphist[i] = 0.f;
for( i = -radius, k = 0; i <= radius; i++ )
{
int y = pt.y + i;
if( y <= 0 || y >= img.rows - 1 )
continue;
for( j = -radius; j <= radius; j++ )
{
int x = pt.x + j;
if( x <= 0 || x >= img.cols - 1 )
continue;
float dx = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(y, x+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(y, x-1));
float dy = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(y-1, x) - img.at<sift_wt>(y+1, x));
X[k] = dx; Y[k] = dy; W[k] = (i*i + j*j)*expf_scale;
k++;
}
}
len = k;
// compute gradient values, orientations and the weights over the pixel neighborhood
cv::hal::exp32f(W, W, len);
cv::hal::fastAtan2(Y, X, Ori, len, true);
cv::hal::magnitude32f(X, Y, Mag, len);
k = 0;
#if CV_AVX2
if( USE_AVX2 )
{
__m256 __nd360 = _mm256_set1_ps(n/360.f);
__m256i __n = _mm256_set1_epi32(n);
int CV_DECL_ALIGNED(32) bin_buf[8];
float CV_DECL_ALIGNED(32) w_mul_mag_buf[8];
for ( ; k <= len - 8; k+=8 )
{
__m256i __bin = _mm256_cvtps_epi32(_mm256_mul_ps(__nd360, _mm256_loadu_ps(&Ori[k])));
__bin = _mm256_sub_epi32(__bin, _mm256_andnot_si256(_mm256_cmpgt_epi32(__n, __bin), __n));
__bin = _mm256_add_epi32(__bin, _mm256_and_si256(__n, _mm256_cmpgt_epi32(_mm256_setzero_si256(), __bin)));
__m256 __w_mul_mag = _mm256_mul_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&W[k]), _mm256_loadu_ps(&Mag[k]));
_mm256_store_si256((__m256i *) bin_buf, __bin);
_mm256_store_ps(w_mul_mag_buf, __w_mul_mag);
temphist[bin_buf[0]] += w_mul_mag_buf[0];
temphist[bin_buf[1]] += w_mul_mag_buf[1];
temphist[bin_buf[2]] += w_mul_mag_buf[2];
temphist[bin_buf[3]] += w_mul_mag_buf[3];
temphist[bin_buf[4]] += w_mul_mag_buf[4];
temphist[bin_buf[5]] += w_mul_mag_buf[5];
temphist[bin_buf[6]] += w_mul_mag_buf[6];
temphist[bin_buf[7]] += w_mul_mag_buf[7];
}
}
#endif
for( ; k < len; k++ )
{
int bin = cvRound((n/360.f)*Ori[k]);
if( bin >= n )
bin -= n;
if( bin < 0 )
bin += n;
temphist[bin] += W[k]*Mag[k];
}
// smooth the histogram
temphist[-1] = temphist[n-1];
temphist[-2] = temphist[n-2];
temphist[n] = temphist[0];
temphist[n+1] = temphist[1];
i = 0;
#if CV_AVX2
if( USE_AVX2 )
{
__m256 __d_1_16 = _mm256_set1_ps(1.f/16.f);
__m256 __d_4_16 = _mm256_set1_ps(4.f/16.f);
__m256 __d_6_16 = _mm256_set1_ps(6.f/16.f);
for( ; i <= n - 8; i+=8 )
{
#if CV_FMA3
__m256 __hist = _mm256_fmadd_ps(
_mm256_add_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i-2]), _mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i+2])),
__d_1_16,
_mm256_fmadd_ps(
_mm256_add_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i-1]), _mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i+1])),
__d_4_16,
_mm256_mul_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i]), __d_6_16)));
#else
__m256 __hist = _mm256_add_ps(
_mm256_mul_ps(
_mm256_add_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i-2]), _mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i+2])),
__d_1_16),
_mm256_add_ps(
_mm256_mul_ps(
_mm256_add_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i-1]), _mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i+1])),
__d_4_16),
_mm256_mul_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&temphist[i]), __d_6_16)));
#endif
_mm256_storeu_ps(&hist[i], __hist);
}
}
#endif
for( ; i < n; i++ )
{
hist[i] = (temphist[i-2] + temphist[i+2])*(1.f/16.f) +
(temphist[i-1] + temphist[i+1])*(4.f/16.f) +
temphist[i]*(6.f/16.f);
}
float maxval = hist[0];
for( i = 1; i < n; i++ )
maxval = std::max(maxval, hist[i]);
return maxval;
}
//
// Interpolates a scale-space extremum's location and scale to subpixel
// accuracy to form an image feature. Rejects features with low contrast.
// Based on Section 4 of Lowe's paper.
static bool adjustLocalExtrema( const std::vector<Mat>& dog_pyr, KeyPoint& kpt, int octv,
int& layer, int& r, int& c, int nOctaveLayers,
float contrastThreshold, float edgeThreshold, float sigma )
{
const float img_scale = 1.f/(255*SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE);
const float deriv_scale = img_scale*0.5f;
const float second_deriv_scale = img_scale;
const float cross_deriv_scale = img_scale*0.25f;
float xi=0, xr=0, xc=0, contr=0;
int i = 0;
for( ; i < SIFT_MAX_INTERP_STEPS; i++ )
{
int idx = octv*(nOctaveLayers+2) + layer;
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx];
const Mat& prev = dog_pyr[idx-1];
const Mat& next = dog_pyr[idx+1];
Vec3f dD((img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1))*deriv_scale,
(img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) - img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c))*deriv_scale,
(next.at<sift_wt>(r, c) - prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c))*deriv_scale);
float v2 = (float)img.at<sift_wt>(r, c)*2;
float dxx = (img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dyy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dss = (next.at<sift_wt>(r, c) + prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dxy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c-1) -
img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c-1))*cross_deriv_scale;
float dxs = (next.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - next.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1) -
prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) + prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1))*cross_deriv_scale;
float dys = (next.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) - next.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) -
prev.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) + prev.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c))*cross_deriv_scale;
Matx33f H(dxx, dxy, dxs,
dxy, dyy, dys,
dxs, dys, dss);
Vec3f X = H.solve(dD, DECOMP_LU);
xi = -X[2];
xr = -X[1];
xc = -X[0];
if( std::abs(xi) < 0.5f && std::abs(xr) < 0.5f && std::abs(xc) < 0.5f )
break;
if( std::abs(xi) > (float)(INT_MAX/3) ||
std::abs(xr) > (float)(INT_MAX/3) ||
std::abs(xc) > (float)(INT_MAX/3) )
return false;
c += cvRound(xc);
r += cvRound(xr);
layer += cvRound(xi);
if( layer < 1 || layer > nOctaveLayers ||
c < SIFT_IMG_BORDER || c >= img.cols - SIFT_IMG_BORDER ||
r < SIFT_IMG_BORDER || r >= img.rows - SIFT_IMG_BORDER )
return false;
}
// ensure convergence of interpolation
if( i >= SIFT_MAX_INTERP_STEPS )
return false;
{
int idx = octv*(nOctaveLayers+2) + layer;
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx];
const Mat& prev = dog_pyr[idx-1];
const Mat& next = dog_pyr[idx+1];
Matx31f dD((img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1))*deriv_scale,
(img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) - img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c))*deriv_scale,
(next.at<sift_wt>(r, c) - prev.at<sift_wt>(r, c))*deriv_scale);
float t = dD.dot(Matx31f(xc, xr, xi));
contr = img.at<sift_wt>(r, c)*img_scale + t * 0.5f;
if( std::abs( contr ) * nOctaveLayers < contrastThreshold )
return false;
// principal curvatures are computed using the trace and det of Hessian
float v2 = img.at<sift_wt>(r, c)*2.f;
float dxx = (img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dyy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) - v2)*second_deriv_scale;
float dxy = (img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c-1) -
img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c+1) + img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c-1)) * cross_deriv_scale;
float tr = dxx + dyy;
float det = dxx * dyy - dxy * dxy;
if( det <= 0 || tr*tr*edgeThreshold >= (edgeThreshold + 1)*(edgeThreshold + 1)*det )
return false;
}
kpt.pt.x = (c + xc) * (1 << octv);
kpt.pt.y = (r + xr) * (1 << octv);
kpt.octave = octv + (layer << 8) + (cvRound((xi + 0.5)*255) << 16);
kpt.size = sigma*powf(2.f, (layer + xi) / nOctaveLayers)*(1 << octv)*2;
kpt.response = std::abs(contr);
return true;
}
class findScaleSpaceExtremaComputer : public ParallelLoopBody
{
public:
findScaleSpaceExtremaComputer(
int _o,
int _i,
int _threshold,
int _idx,
int _step,
int _cols,
int _nOctaveLayers,
double _contrastThreshold,
double _edgeThreshold,
double _sigma,
const std::vector<Mat>& _gauss_pyr,
const std::vector<Mat>& _dog_pyr,
TLSData<std::vector<KeyPoint> > &_tls_kpts_struct)
: o(_o),
i(_i),
threshold(_threshold),
idx(_idx),
step(_step),
cols(_cols),
nOctaveLayers(_nOctaveLayers),
contrastThreshold(_contrastThreshold),
edgeThreshold(_edgeThreshold),
sigma(_sigma),
gauss_pyr(_gauss_pyr),
dog_pyr(_dog_pyr),
tls_kpts_struct(_tls_kpts_struct) { }
void operator()( const cv::Range& range ) const
{
const int begin = range.start;
const int end = range.end;
static const int n = SIFT_ORI_HIST_BINS;
float hist[n];
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx];
const Mat& prev = dog_pyr[idx-1];
const Mat& next = dog_pyr[idx+1];
std::vector<KeyPoint> *tls_kpts = tls_kpts_struct.get();
KeyPoint kpt;
for( int r = begin; r < end; r++)
{
const sift_wt* currptr = img.ptr<sift_wt>(r);
const sift_wt* prevptr = prev.ptr<sift_wt>(r);
const sift_wt* nextptr = next.ptr<sift_wt>(r);
for( int c = SIFT_IMG_BORDER; c < cols-SIFT_IMG_BORDER; c++)
{
sift_wt val = currptr[c];
// find local extrema with pixel accuracy
if( std::abs(val) > threshold &&
((val > 0 && val >= currptr[c-1] && val >= currptr[c+1] &&
val >= currptr[c-step-1] && val >= currptr[c-step] && val >= currptr[c-step+1] &&
val >= currptr[c+step-1] && val >= currptr[c+step] && val >= currptr[c+step+1] &&
val >= nextptr[c] && val >= nextptr[c-1] && val >= nextptr[c+1] &&
val >= nextptr[c-step-1] && val >= nextptr[c-step] && val >= nextptr[c-step+1] &&
val >= nextptr[c+step-1] && val >= nextptr[c+step] && val >= nextptr[c+step+1] &&
val >= prevptr[c] && val >= prevptr[c-1] && val >= prevptr[c+1] &&
val >= prevptr[c-step-1] && val >= prevptr[c-step] && val >= prevptr[c-step+1] &&
val >= prevptr[c+step-1] && val >= prevptr[c+step] && val >= prevptr[c+step+1]) ||
(val < 0 && val <= currptr[c-1] && val <= currptr[c+1] &&
val <= currptr[c-step-1] && val <= currptr[c-step] && val <= currptr[c-step+1] &&
val <= currptr[c+step-1] && val <= currptr[c+step] && val <= currptr[c+step+1] &&
val <= nextptr[c] && val <= nextptr[c-1] && val <= nextptr[c+1] &&
val <= nextptr[c-step-1] && val <= nextptr[c-step] && val <= nextptr[c-step+1] &&
val <= nextptr[c+step-1] && val <= nextptr[c+step] && val <= nextptr[c+step+1] &&
val <= prevptr[c] && val <= prevptr[c-1] && val <= prevptr[c+1] &&
val <= prevptr[c-step-1] && val <= prevptr[c-step] && val <= prevptr[c-step+1] &&
val <= prevptr[c+step-1] && val <= prevptr[c+step] && val <= prevptr[c+step+1])))
{
int r1 = r, c1 = c, layer = i;
if( !adjustLocalExtrema(dog_pyr, kpt, o, layer, r1, c1,
nOctaveLayers, (float)contrastThreshold,
(float)edgeThreshold, (float)sigma) )
continue;
float scl_octv = kpt.size*0.5f/(1 << o);
float omax = calcOrientationHist(gauss_pyr[o*(nOctaveLayers+3) + layer],
Point(c1, r1),
cvRound(SIFT_ORI_RADIUS * scl_octv),
SIFT_ORI_SIG_FCTR * scl_octv,
hist, n);
float mag_thr = (float)(omax * SIFT_ORI_PEAK_RATIO);
for( int j = 0; j < n; j++ )
{
int l = j > 0 ? j - 1 : n - 1;
int r2 = j < n-1 ? j + 1 : 0;
if( hist[j] > hist[l] && hist[j] > hist[r2] && hist[j] >= mag_thr )
{
float bin = j + 0.5f * (hist[l]-hist[r2]) / (hist[l] - 2*hist[j] + hist[r2]);
bin = bin < 0 ? n + bin : bin >= n ? bin - n : bin;
kpt.angle = 360.f - (float)((360.f/n) * bin);
if(std::abs(kpt.angle - 360.f) < FLT_EPSILON)
kpt.angle = 0.f;
{
tls_kpts->push_back(kpt);
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
private:
int o, i;
int threshold;
int idx, step, cols;
int nOctaveLayers;
double contrastThreshold;
double edgeThreshold;
double sigma;
const std::vector<Mat>& gauss_pyr;
const std::vector<Mat>& dog_pyr;
TLSData<std::vector<KeyPoint> > &tls_kpts_struct;
};
//
// Detects features at extrema in DoG scale space. Bad features are discarded
// based on contrast and ratio of principal curvatures.
void SIFT_Impl::findScaleSpaceExtrema( const std::vector<Mat>& gauss_pyr, const std::vector<Mat>& dog_pyr,
std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints ) const
{
const int nOctaves = (int)gauss_pyr.size()/(nOctaveLayers + 3);
const int threshold = cvFloor(0.5 * contrastThreshold / nOctaveLayers * 255 * SIFT_FIXPT_SCALE);
keypoints.clear();
TLSData<std::vector<KeyPoint> > tls_kpts_struct;
for( int o = 0; o < nOctaves; o++ )
for( int i = 1; i <= nOctaveLayers; i++ )
{
const int idx = o*(nOctaveLayers+2)+i;
const Mat& img = dog_pyr[idx];
const int step = (int)img.step1();
const int rows = img.rows, cols = img.cols;
parallel_for_(Range(SIFT_IMG_BORDER, rows-SIFT_IMG_BORDER),
findScaleSpaceExtremaComputer(
o, i, threshold, idx, step, cols,
nOctaveLayers,
contrastThreshold,
edgeThreshold,
sigma,
gauss_pyr, dog_pyr, tls_kpts_struct));
}
std::vector<std::vector<KeyPoint>*> kpt_vecs;
tls_kpts_struct.gather(kpt_vecs);
for (size_t i = 0; i < kpt_vecs.size(); ++i) {
keypoints.insert(keypoints.end(), kpt_vecs[i]->begin(), kpt_vecs[i]->end());
}
}
static void calcSIFTDescriptor( const Mat& img, Point2f ptf, float ori, float scl,
int d, int n, float* dst )
{
Point pt(cvRound(ptf.x), cvRound(ptf.y));
float cos_t = cosf(ori*(float)(CV_PI/180));
float sin_t = sinf(ori*(float)(CV_PI/180));
float bins_per_rad = n / 360.f;
float exp_scale = -1.f/(d * d * 0.5f);
float hist_width = SIFT_DESCR_SCL_FCTR * scl;
int radius = cvRound(hist_width * 1.4142135623730951f * (d + 1) * 0.5f);
// Clip the radius to the diagonal of the image to avoid autobuffer too large exception
radius = std::min(radius, (int) sqrt(((double) img.cols)*img.cols + ((double) img.rows)*img.rows));
cos_t /= hist_width;
sin_t /= hist_width;
int i, j, k, len = (radius*2+1)*(radius*2+1), histlen = (d+2)*(d+2)*(n+2);
int rows = img.rows, cols = img.cols;
AutoBuffer<float> buf(len*6 + histlen);
float *X = buf, *Y = X + len, *Mag = Y, *Ori = Mag + len, *W = Ori + len;
float *RBin = W + len, *CBin = RBin + len, *hist = CBin + len;
for( i = 0; i < d+2; i++ )
{
for( j = 0; j < d+2; j++ )
for( k = 0; k < n+2; k++ )
hist[(i*(d+2) + j)*(n+2) + k] = 0.;
}
for( i = -radius, k = 0; i <= radius; i++ )
for( j = -radius; j <= radius; j++ )
{
// Calculate sample's histogram array coords rotated relative to ori.
// Subtract 0.5 so samples that fall e.g. in the center of row 1 (i.e.
// r_rot = 1.5) have full weight placed in row 1 after interpolation.
float c_rot = j * cos_t - i * sin_t;
float r_rot = j * sin_t + i * cos_t;
float rbin = r_rot + d/2 - 0.5f;
float cbin = c_rot + d/2 - 0.5f;
int r = pt.y + i, c = pt.x + j;
if( rbin > -1 && rbin < d && cbin > -1 && cbin < d &&
r > 0 && r < rows - 1 && c > 0 && c < cols - 1 )
{
float dx = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(r, c+1) - img.at<sift_wt>(r, c-1));
float dy = (float)(img.at<sift_wt>(r-1, c) - img.at<sift_wt>(r+1, c));
X[k] = dx; Y[k] = dy; RBin[k] = rbin; CBin[k] = cbin;
W[k] = (c_rot * c_rot + r_rot * r_rot)*exp_scale;
k++;
}
}
len = k;
cv::hal::fastAtan2(Y, X, Ori, len, true);
cv::hal::magnitude32f(X, Y, Mag, len);
cv::hal::exp32f(W, W, len);
k = 0;
#if CV_AVX2
if( USE_AVX2 )
{
int CV_DECL_ALIGNED(32) idx_buf[8];
float CV_DECL_ALIGNED(32) rco_buf[64];
const __m256 __ori = _mm256_set1_ps(ori);
const __m256 __bins_per_rad = _mm256_set1_ps(bins_per_rad);
const __m256i __n = _mm256_set1_epi32(n);
for( ; k <= len - 8; k+=8 )
{
__m256 __rbin = _mm256_loadu_ps(&RBin[k]);
__m256 __cbin = _mm256_loadu_ps(&CBin[k]);
__m256 __obin = _mm256_mul_ps(_mm256_sub_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&Ori[k]), __ori), __bins_per_rad);
__m256 __mag = _mm256_mul_ps(_mm256_loadu_ps(&Mag[k]), _mm256_loadu_ps(&W[k]));
__m256 __r0 = _mm256_floor_ps(__rbin);
__rbin = _mm256_sub_ps(__rbin, __r0);
__m256 __c0 = _mm256_floor_ps(__cbin);
__cbin = _mm256_sub_ps(__cbin, __c0);
__m256 __o0 = _mm256_floor_ps(__obin);
__obin = _mm256_sub_ps(__obin, __o0);
__m256i __o0i = _mm256_cvtps_epi32(__o0);
__o0i = _mm256_add_epi32(__o0i, _mm256_and_si256(__n, _mm256_cmpgt_epi32(_mm256_setzero_si256(), __o0i)));
__o0i = _mm256_sub_epi32(__o0i, _mm256_andnot_si256(_mm256_cmpgt_epi32(__n, __o0i), __n));
__m256 __v_r1 = _mm256_mul_ps(__mag, __rbin);
__m256 __v_r0 = _mm256_sub_ps(__mag, __v_r1);
__m256 __v_rc11 = _mm256_mul_ps(__v_r1, __cbin);
__m256 __v_rc10 = _mm256_sub_ps(__v_r1, __v_rc11);
__m256 __v_rc01 = _mm256_mul_ps(__v_r0, __cbin);
__m256 __v_rc00 = _mm256_sub_ps(__v_r0, __v_rc01);
__m256 __v_rco111 = _mm256_mul_ps(__v_rc11, __obin);
__m256 __v_rco110 = _mm256_sub_ps(__v_rc11, __v_rco111);
__m256 __v_rco101 = _mm256_mul_ps(__v_rc10, __obin);
__m256 __v_rco100 = _mm256_sub_ps(__v_rc10, __v_rco101);
__m256 __v_rco011 = _mm256_mul_ps(__v_rc01, __obin);
__m256 __v_rco010 = _mm256_sub_ps(__v_rc01, __v_rco011);
__m256 __v_rco001 = _mm256_mul_ps(__v_rc00, __obin);
__m256 __v_rco000 = _mm256_sub_ps(__v_rc00, __v_rco001);
__m256i __one = _mm256_set1_epi32(1);
__m256i __idx = _mm256_add_epi32(
_mm256_mullo_epi32(
_mm256_add_epi32(
_mm256_mullo_epi32(_mm256_add_epi32(_mm256_cvtps_epi32(__r0), __one), _mm256_set1_epi32(d + 2)),
_mm256_add_epi32(_mm256_cvtps_epi32(__c0), __one)),
_mm256_set1_epi32(n + 2)),
__o0i);
_mm256_store_si256((__m256i *)idx_buf, __idx);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[0]), __v_rco000);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[8]), __v_rco001);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[16]), __v_rco010);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[24]), __v_rco011);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[32]), __v_rco100);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[40]), __v_rco101);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[48]), __v_rco110);
_mm256_store_ps(&(rco_buf[56]), __v_rco111);
#define HIST_SUM_HELPER(id) \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]] += rco_buf[(id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+1] += rco_buf[8 + (id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+(n+2)] += rco_buf[16 + (id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+(n+3)] += rco_buf[24 + (id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+(d+2)*(n+2)] += rco_buf[32 + (id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+(d+2)*(n+2)+1] += rco_buf[40 + (id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+(d+3)*(n+2)] += rco_buf[48 + (id)]; \
hist[idx_buf[(id)]+(d+3)*(n+2)+1] += rco_buf[56 + (id)];
HIST_SUM_HELPER(0);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(1);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(2);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(3);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(4);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(5);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(6);
HIST_SUM_HELPER(7);
#undef HIST_SUM_HELPER
}
}
#endif
for( ; k < len; k++ )
{
float rbin = RBin[k], cbin = CBin[k];
float obin = (Ori[k] - ori)*bins_per_rad;
float mag = Mag[k]*W[k];
int r0 = cvFloor( rbin );
int c0 = cvFloor( cbin );
int o0 = cvFloor( obin );
rbin -= r0;
cbin -= c0;
obin -= o0;
if( o0 < 0 )
o0 += n;
if( o0 >= n )
o0 -= n;
// histogram update using tri-linear interpolation
float v_r1 = mag*rbin, v_r0 = mag - v_r1;
float v_rc11 = v_r1*cbin, v_rc10 = v_r1 - v_rc11;
float v_rc01 = v_r0*cbin, v_rc00 = v_r0 - v_rc01;
float v_rco111 = v_rc11*obin, v_rco110 = v_rc11 - v_rco111;
float v_rco101 = v_rc10*obin, v_rco100 = v_rc10 - v_rco101;
float v_rco011 = v_rc01*obin, v_rco010 = v_rc01 - v_rco011;
float v_rco001 = v_rc00*obin, v_rco000 = v_rc00 - v_rco001;
int idx = ((r0+1)*(d+2) + c0+1)*(n+2) + o0;
hist[idx] += v_rco000;
hist[idx+1] += v_rco001;
hist[idx+(n+2)] += v_rco010;
hist[idx+(n+3)] += v_rco011;
hist[idx+(d+2)*(n+2)] += v_rco100;
hist[idx+(d+2)*(n+2)+1] += v_rco101;
hist[idx+(d+3)*(n+2)] += v_rco110;
hist[idx+(d+3)*(n+2)+1] += v_rco111;
}
// finalize histogram, since the orientation histograms are circular
for( i = 0; i < d; i++ )
for( j = 0; j < d; j++ )
{
int idx = ((i+1)*(d+2) + (j+1))*(n+2);
hist[idx] += hist[idx+n];
hist[idx+1] += hist[idx+n+1];
for( k = 0; k < n; k++ )
dst[(i*d + j)*n + k] = hist[idx+k];
}
// copy histogram to the descriptor,
// apply hysteresis thresholding
// and scale the result, so that it can be easily converted
// to byte array
float nrm2 = 0;
len = d*d*n;
k = 0;
#if CV_AVX2
if( USE_AVX2 )
{
float CV_DECL_ALIGNED(32) nrm2_buf[8];
__m256 __nrm2 = _mm256_setzero_ps();
__m256 __dst;
for( ; k <= len - 8; k += 8 )
{
__dst = _mm256_loadu_ps(&dst[k]);
#if CV_FMA3
__nrm2 = _mm256_fmadd_ps(__dst, __dst, __nrm2);
#else
__nrm2 = _mm256_add_ps(__nrm2, _mm256_mul_ps(__dst, __dst));
#endif
}
_mm256_store_ps(nrm2_buf, __nrm2);
nrm2 = nrm2_buf[0] + nrm2_buf[1] + nrm2_buf[2] + nrm2_buf[3] +
nrm2_buf[4] + nrm2_buf[5] + nrm2_buf[6] + nrm2_buf[7];
}
#endif
for( ; k < len; k++ )
nrm2 += dst[k]*dst[k];
float thr = std::sqrt(nrm2)*SIFT_DESCR_MAG_THR;
i = 0, nrm2 = 0;
#if 0 //CV_AVX2
// This code cannot be enabled because it sums nrm2 in a different order,
// thus producing slightly different results
if( USE_AVX2 )
{
float CV_DECL_ALIGNED(32) nrm2_buf[8];
__m256 __dst;
__m256 __nrm2 = _mm256_setzero_ps();
__m256 __thr = _mm256_set1_ps(thr);
for( ; i <= len - 8; i += 8 )
{
__dst = _mm256_loadu_ps(&dst[i]);
__dst = _mm256_min_ps(__dst, __thr);
_mm256_storeu_ps(&dst[i], __dst);
#if CV_FMA3
__nrm2 = _mm256_fmadd_ps(__dst, __dst, __nrm2);
#else
__nrm2 = _mm256_add_ps(__nrm2, _mm256_mul_ps(__dst, __dst));
#endif
}
_mm256_store_ps(nrm2_buf, __nrm2);
nrm2 = nrm2_buf[0] + nrm2_buf[1] + nrm2_buf[2] + nrm2_buf[3] +
nrm2_buf[4] + nrm2_buf[5] + nrm2_buf[6] + nrm2_buf[7];
}
#endif
for( ; i < len; i++ )
{
float val = std::min(dst[i], thr);
dst[i] = val;
nrm2 += val*val;
}
nrm2 = SIFT_INT_DESCR_FCTR/std::max(std::sqrt(nrm2), FLT_EPSILON);
#if 1
k = 0;
#if CV_AVX2
if( USE_AVX2 )
{
__m256 __dst;
__m256 __min = _mm256_setzero_ps();
__m256 __max = _mm256_set1_ps(255.0f); // max of uchar
__m256 __nrm2 = _mm256_set1_ps(nrm2);
for( k = 0; k <= len - 8; k+=8 )
{
__dst = _mm256_loadu_ps(&dst[k]);
__dst = _mm256_min_ps(_mm256_max_ps(_mm256_round_ps(_mm256_mul_ps(__dst, __nrm2), _MM_FROUND_TO_NEAREST_INT |_MM_FROUND_NO_EXC), __min), __max);
_mm256_storeu_ps(&dst[k], __dst);
}
}
#endif
for( ; k < len; k++ )
{
dst[k] = saturate_cast<uchar>(dst[k]*nrm2);
}
#else
float nrm1 = 0;
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
dst[k] *= nrm2;
nrm1 += dst[k];
}
nrm1 = 1.f/std::max(nrm1, FLT_EPSILON);
for( k = 0; k < len; k++ )
{
dst[k] = std::sqrt(dst[k] * nrm1);//saturate_cast<uchar>(std::sqrt(dst[k] * nrm1)*SIFT_INT_DESCR_FCTR);
}
#endif
}
class calcDescriptorsComputer : public ParallelLoopBody
{
public:
calcDescriptorsComputer(const std::vector<Mat>& _gpyr,
const std::vector<KeyPoint>& _keypoints,
Mat& _descriptors,
int _nOctaveLayers,
int _firstOctave)
: gpyr(_gpyr),
keypoints(_keypoints),
descriptors(_descriptors),
nOctaveLayers(_nOctaveLayers),
firstOctave(_firstOctave) { }
void operator()( const cv::Range& range ) const
{
const int begin = range.start;
const int end = range.end;
static const int d = SIFT_DESCR_WIDTH, n = SIFT_DESCR_HIST_BINS;
for ( int i = begin; i<end; i++ )
{
KeyPoint kpt = keypoints[i];
int octave, layer;
float scale;
unpackOctave(kpt, octave, layer, scale);
CV_Assert(octave >= firstOctave && layer <= nOctaveLayers+2);
float size=kpt.size*scale;
Point2f ptf(kpt.pt.x*scale, kpt.pt.y*scale);
const Mat& img = gpyr[(octave - firstOctave)*(nOctaveLayers + 3) + layer];
float angle = 360.f - kpt.angle;
if(std::abs(angle - 360.f) < FLT_EPSILON)
angle = 0.f;
calcSIFTDescriptor(img, ptf, angle, size*0.5f, d, n, descriptors.ptr<float>((int)i));
}
}
private:
const std::vector<Mat>& gpyr;
const std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints;
Mat& descriptors;
int nOctaveLayers;
int firstOctave;
};
static void calcDescriptors(const std::vector<Mat>& gpyr, const std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints,
Mat& descriptors, int nOctaveLayers, int firstOctave )
{
parallel_for_(Range(0, static_cast<int>(keypoints.size())), calcDescriptorsComputer(gpyr, keypoints, descriptors, nOctaveLayers, firstOctave));
}
//
SIFT_Impl::SIFT_Impl( int _nfeatures, int _nOctaveLayers,
double _contrastThreshold, double _edgeThreshold, double _sigma )
: nfeatures(_nfeatures), nOctaveLayers(_nOctaveLayers),
contrastThreshold(_contrastThreshold), edgeThreshold(_edgeThreshold), sigma(_sigma)
{
}
int SIFT_Impl::descriptorSize() const
{
return SIFT_DESCR_WIDTH*SIFT_DESCR_WIDTH*SIFT_DESCR_HIST_BINS;
}
int SIFT_Impl::descriptorType() const
{
return CV_32F;
}
int SIFT_Impl::defaultNorm() const
{
return NORM_L2;
}
void SIFT_Impl::detectAndCompute(InputArray _image, InputArray _mask,
std::vector<KeyPoint>& keypoints,
OutputArray _descriptors,
bool useProvidedKeypoints)
{
int firstOctave = -1, actualNOctaves = 0, actualNLayers = 0;
Mat image = _image.getMat(), mask = _mask.getMat();
if( image.empty() || image.depth() != CV_8U )
CV_Error( Error::StsBadArg, "image is empty or has incorrect depth (!=CV_8U)" );
if( !mask.empty() && mask.type() != CV_8UC1 )
CV_Error( Error::StsBadArg, "mask has incorrect type (!=CV_8UC1)" );
if( useProvidedKeypoints )
{
firstOctave = 0;
int maxOctave = INT_MIN;
for( size_t i = 0; i < keypoints.size(); i++ )
{
int octave, layer;
float scale;
unpackOctave(keypoints[i], octave, layer, scale);
firstOctave = std::min(firstOctave, octave);
maxOctave = std::max(maxOctave, octave);
actualNLayers = std::max(actualNLayers, layer-2);
}
firstOctave = std::min(firstOctave, 0);
CV_Assert( firstOctave >= -1 && actualNLayers <= nOctaveLayers );
actualNOctaves = maxOctave - firstOctave + 1;
}
Mat base = createInitialImage(image, firstOctave < 0, (float)sigma);
std::vector<Mat> gpyr, dogpyr;
int nOctaves = actualNOctaves > 0 ? actualNOctaves : cvRound(std::log( (double)std::min( base.cols, base.rows ) ) / std::log(2.) - 2) - firstOctave;
//double t, tf = getTickFrequency();
//t = (double)getTickCount();
buildGaussianPyramid(base, gpyr, nOctaves);
buildDoGPyramid(gpyr, dogpyr);
//t = (double)getTickCount() - t;
//printf("pyramid construction time: %g\n", t*1000./tf);
if( !useProvidedKeypoints )
{
//t = (double)getTickCount();
findScaleSpaceExtrema(gpyr, dogpyr, keypoints);
KeyPointsFilter::removeDuplicatedSorted( keypoints );
if( nfeatures > 0 )
KeyPointsFilter::retainBest(keypoints, nfeatures);
//t = (double)getTickCount() - t;
//printf("keypoint detection time: %g\n", t*1000./tf);
if( firstOctave < 0 )
for( size_t i = 0; i < keypoints.size(); i++ )
{
KeyPoint& kpt = keypoints[i];
float scale = 1.f/(float)(1 << -firstOctave);
kpt.octave = (kpt.octave & ~255) | ((kpt.octave + firstOctave) & 255);
kpt.pt *= scale;
kpt.size *= scale;
}
if( !mask.empty() )
KeyPointsFilter::runByPixelsMask( keypoints, mask );
}
else
{
// filter keypoints by mask
//KeyPointsFilter::runByPixelsMask( keypoints, mask );
}
if( _descriptors.needed() )
{
//t = (double)getTickCount();
int dsize = descriptorSize();
_descriptors.create((int)keypoints.size(), dsize, CV_32F);
Mat descriptors = _descriptors.getMat();
calcDescriptors(gpyr, keypoints, descriptors, nOctaveLayers, firstOctave);
//t = (double)getTickCount() - t;
//printf("descriptor extraction time: %g\n", t*1000./tf);
}
}
}
}
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