对之前提到的应用方程及物理过程,在简化的情况下求解析解,以定性地去理解恒星结构
球对称恒星基本方程回顾
球对称分布
d r d m = 1 4 π r 2 ρ \frac{dr}{dm}=\frac{1}{4\pi r^2\rho} dmdr=4πr2ρ1
压强
d P d m = − G m 4 π r 4 − 1 4 π r 2 ∂ 2 r ∂ t 2 \frac{dP}{dm}=-\frac{Gm}{4\pi r^4}-\frac{1}{4\pi r^2}\frac{\partial^2 r}{\partial t^2} dmdP=−4πr4Gm−4πr21∂t2∂2r
光度
d L d m = q − T ∂ s ∂ t \frac{dL}{dm}=q-T\frac{\partial s}{\partial t} dmdL=q−T∂t∂s
温度
d T d m = − G m 4 π r 4 T P ∇ \frac{dT}{dm}=-\frac{Gm}{4\pi r^4}\frac{T}{P}\nabla dmdT=−4πr4GmPT∇
其中:
∇
=
{
∇
r
a
d
=
3
κ
16
π
a
c
G
L
P
m
T
4
∇
a
d
+
Δ
∇
\nabla=\left\{\begin{aligned} &\nabla_{rad}=\frac{3\kappa}{16\pi acG}\frac{LP}{mT^4}\\ &\nabla_{ad}+\Delta\nabla \end{aligned}\right.
∇=⎩⎨⎧∇rad=16πacG3κmT4LP∇ad+Δ∇
当
∇
r
a
d
<
∇
a
d
\nabla_{rad}<\nabla{ad}
∇rad<∇ad时,辐射输运主导。当
∇
r
a
d
>
∇
a
d
\nabla_{rad}>\nabla{ad}
∇rad>∇ad时,对流输运主导,其中:
∇
a
d
=
Γ
2
−
1
Γ
2
\nabla_{ad}=\frac{\Gamma_2-1}{\Gamma_2}
∇ad=Γ2Γ2−1
化学丰度变化
∂ X i ∂ t = A i m u ρ ( − ∑ j , k X i X j R i j , k + ∑ k , l X k X l R k l , i 1 + δ k l ) + 扩 散 项 \frac{\partial X_i}{\partial t}=\frac{A_i m_u}{\rho}\left(-\sum_{j,k}X_iX_j R_{ij,k}+\sum_{k,l}\frac{X_kX_lR_{kl,i}}{1+\delta_{kl}}\right)+扩散项 ∂t∂Xi=ρAimu⎝⎛−j,k∑XiXjRij,k+k,l∑1+δklXkXlRkl,i⎠⎞+扩散项
物态方程
P = P ( X , ρ , T ) ; E = E ( X , ρ , T ) P=P(X,\rho,T);\ E=E(X,\rho,T) P=P(X,ρ,T); E=E(X,ρ,T)
物态与辐射耦合性质
κ = κ ( X , ρ , T ) \kappa=\kappa(X,\rho,T) κ=κ(X,ρ,T)
核合成产能率
q = q ( X , ρ , T ) q=q(X,\rho,T) q=q(X,ρ,T)
非简并气体的物态方程
P = ρ k T μ m H + 1 3 a T 4 P=\frac{\rho kT}{\mu m_H}+\frac{1}{3}aT^4 P=μmHρkT+31aT4
不透明度(幂律形式)
κ R = κ 0 ρ α T β \kappa_R=\kappa_0\rho^\alpha T^\beta κR=κ0ραTβ
核产能率
q = q 0 ρ μ T ν q=q_0\rho^\mu T^\nu q=q0ρμTν
对于 ∼ 1 0 7 K \sim 10^7\ K ∼107 K的pp反应: μ = 1 , ν = 4 \mu=1,\ \nu=4 μ=1, ν=4
对于CNO反应: μ = 1 , ν = 18 \mu=1,\ \nu=18 μ=1, ν=18
对于 ∼ 1 0 8 K \sim 10^8\ K ∼108 K的He燃烧: μ = 2 , ν = 40 \mu=2,\ \nu=40 μ=2, ν=40
多方球模型
多方球的状态方程:
P
=
K
ρ
1
+
1
n
P=K\rho^{1+\frac{1}{n}}
P=Kρ1+n1
这样的简化,适用于:
完全简并气体
相对论情形下 n = 3 n=3 n=3,非相对论情形下 n = 3 2 n=\frac{3}{2} n=23, K K K由基本常数及化学组分决定
完全对流的恒星,近似绝热温度梯度
如果是理想气体,则 ∇ = ∇ a d = Γ 2 − 1 Γ 2 = 2 5 \nabla=\nabla_{ad}=\frac{\Gamma_2-1}{\Gamma_2}=\frac{2}{5} ∇=∇ad=Γ2Γ2−1=52,代入到物态方程后得到 n = 3 2 n=\frac{3}{2} n=23
对于给定的恒星而言, K K K是常数。 K K K与具体的恒星有关
对于
n
=
3
n=3
n=3的恒星:
r
n
=
[
(
n
+
1
)
K
ρ
c
(
1
−
n
)
/
n
4
π
G
]
1
/
2
=
R
ξ
1
=
R
3.65
r_n=\left[\frac{(n+1)K\rho_c^{(1-n)/n}}{4\pi G}\right]^{1/2}=\frac{R}{\xi_1}=\frac{R}{3.65}
rn=[4πG(n+1)Kρc(1−n)/n]1/2=ξ1R=3.65R
ρ c = 1 4 π ( − ξ d θ d ξ ) 1 − 1 M R 3 = 5.99 3 4 π M R 3 = 1.43 M R 3 \rho_c=\frac{1}{4\pi}\left(-\xi\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)^{-1}_1\frac{M}{R^3}=5.99\frac{3}{4\pi}\frac{M}{R^3}=1.43\frac{M}{R^3} ρc=4π1(−ξdξdθ)1−1R3M=5.994π3R3M=1.43R3M
K = 4 π G ( n + 1 ) ( R ξ 1 ) 2 [ 1 4 π ( − ξ d θ d ξ ) 1 − 1 M R 3 ] − ( 1 − n ) / n = 0.4251 G R M 1 / 3 K=\frac{4\pi G}{(n+1)}\left(\frac{R}{\xi_1}\right)^2\left[\frac{1}{4\pi}\left(-\xi\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)^{-1}_1\frac{M}{R^3}\right]^{-(1-n)/n}=0.4251GRM^{1/3} K=(n+1)4πG(ξ1R)2[4π1(−ξdξdθ)1−1R3M]−(1−n)/n=0.4251GRM1/3
T c = μ m H k P c ρ c = μ m H k ( n + 1 ) ( − ξ d θ d ξ ) 1 − 1 G M R = 2.29 × 1 0 7 n + 1 ( − ξ d θ d ξ ) 1 − 1 M M ⊙ R ⊙ R ( u n i t : K ) T_c=\frac{\mu m_H}{k}\frac{P_c}{\rho_c}=\frac{\mu m_H}{k(n+1)}\left(-\xi\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)^{-1}_1\frac{GM}{R}\\ =\frac{2.29\times 10^7}{n+1}\left(-\xi\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)^{-1}_1\frac{M}{M_\odot}\frac{R_\odot}{R}\ (unit:K) Tc=kμmHρcPc=k(n+1)μmH(−ξdξdθ)1−1RGM=n+12.29×107(−ξdξdθ)1−1M⊙MRR⊙ (unit:K)
常beta的恒星
若
β
=
P
g
a
s
P
\beta=\frac{P_{gas}}{P}
β=PPgas在整个恒星都为常数,则
1
−
β
=
P
r
P
=
a
T
4
3
P
1-\beta=\frac{P_r}{P}=\frac{aT^4}{3P}
1−β=PPr=3PaT4
得到:
P
=
(
3
k
4
a
μ
4
m
H
4
)
1
/
3
(
1
−
β
β
4
)
1
/
3
ρ
4
/
3
P=\left(\frac{3k^4}{a\mu^4 m_H^4}\right)^{1/3}\left(\frac{1-\beta}{\beta^4}\right)^{1/3}\rho^{4/3}
P=(aμ4mH43k4)1/3(β41−β)1/3ρ4/3
满足
n
=
3
n=3
n=3的多方球模型,其中:
K
=
(
3
k
4
a
μ
4
m
H
4
)
1
/
3
(
1
−
β
β
4
)
1
/
3
K=\left(\frac{3k^4}{a\mu^4 m_H^4}\right)^{1/3}\left(\frac{1-\beta}{\beta^4}\right)^{1/3}
K=(aμ4mH43k4)1/3(β41−β)1/3
利用
r
n
r_n
rn消除
K
K
K后,得到:
1
−
β
μ
4
β
4
=
3.02
×
1
0
−
3
(
M
M
⊙
)
2
\frac{1-\beta}{\mu^4\beta^4}=3.02\times 10^{-3}\left(\frac{M}{M_\odot}\right)^2
μ4β41−β=3.02×10−3(M⊙M)2
对于常
β
\beta
β恒星,辐射能流与光度分别为:
F
=
L
4
π
R
2
=
−
4
a
c
T
3
3
ρ
κ
ˉ
d
T
d
r
L
=
−
4
π
c
κ
ρ
R
2
d
P
r
a
d
d
r
=
−
(
1
−
β
)
4
π
c
κ
ρ
R
2
d
P
d
r
F=\frac{L}{4\pi R^2}=-\frac{4acT^3}{3\rho\bar\kappa}\frac{dT}{dr}\\ L=-\frac{4\pi c}{\kappa \rho}R^2\frac{dP_{rad}}{dr}=-(1-\beta)\frac{4\pi c}{\kappa\rho}R^2\frac{dP}{dr}
F=4πR2L=−3ρκˉ4acT3drdTL=−κρ4πcR2drdPrad=−(1−β)κρ4πcR2drdP
结合恒星表面的流体静力平衡:
d
P
d
r
=
−
G
M
R
2
ρ
\frac{dP}{dr}=-\frac{GM}{R^2}\rho
drdP=−R2GMρ
得到:
L
=
(
1
−
β
)
4
π
c
G
M
κ
=
(
1
−
β
)
L
E
d
d
L=(1-\beta)\frac{4\pi cGM}{\kappa}=(1-\beta)L_{Edd}
L=(1−β)κ4πcGM=(1−β)LEdd
此即Eddington质光关系:
L
=
4
π
c
G
M
κ
0.003
μ
4
β
4
(
M
M
⊙
)
2
L=\frac{4\pi cGM}{\kappa}0.003\mu^4\beta^4\left(\frac{M}{M_\odot}\right)^2
L=κ4πcGM0.003μ4β4(M⊙M)2
对于一般的多方球而言,在知道产能率函数后,就可以得到恒星光度。已知:
d
L
(
r
)
=
q
d
M
(
r
)
d
M
(
r
)
=
−
M
(
R
)
(
ξ
2
d
θ
d
ξ
)
ξ
=
ξ
1
θ
n
ξ
2
d
ξ
dL(r)=qdM(r)\\ dM(r)=-\frac{M(R)}{\left(\xi^2\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)_{\xi=\xi_1}}\theta^n\xi^2d\xi
dL(r)=qdM(r)dM(r)=−(ξ2dξdθ)ξ=ξ1M(R)θnξ2dξ
假设各参数具有下述幂律关系:
q
=
A
ρ
1
+
k
T
ν
,
ρ
=
ρ
c
θ
n
,
θ
=
Φ
Φ
c
,
P
ρ
=
Φ
n
+
1
q=A\rho^{1+k}T^\nu,\ \rho=\rho_c\theta^n,\ \theta=\frac{\Phi}{\Phi_c},\ \frac{P}{\rho}=\frac{\Phi}{n+1}
q=Aρ1+kTν, ρ=ρcθn, θ=ΦcΦ, ρP=n+1Φ
于是有:
T
=
β
μ
m
H
k
P
ρ
=
β
μ
m
H
k
(
P
c
ρ
c
)
θ
T=\frac{\beta\mu m_H}{k}\frac{P}{\rho}=\frac{\beta\mu m_H}{k}\left(\frac{P_c}{\rho_c}\right)\theta
T=kβμmHρP=kβμmH(ρcPc)θ
从而得到:
L
(
R
)
=
−
M
(
R
)
(
ξ
2
d
θ
d
ξ
)
ξ
=
ξ
1
q
c
∫
0
ξ
1
θ
n
(
1
+
k
)
θ
s
ξ
2
θ
n
d
ξ
L(R)=-\frac{M(R)}{\left(\xi^2\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)_{\xi=\xi_1}}q_c\int^{\xi_1}_0\theta^{n(1+k)}\theta^s\xi^2\theta^n d\xi
L(R)=−(ξ2dξdθ)ξ=ξ1M(R)qc∫0ξ1θn(1+k)θsξ2θndξ
利用
n
=
3
n=3
n=3时,中心附近的渐近级数解:
θ
=
exp
(
−
ξ
2
6
)
[
1
+
(
n
120
−
1
72
)
ξ
4
+
O
(
ξ
6
)
]
\theta=\exp\left(-\frac{\xi^2}{6}\right)\left[1+\left(\frac{n}{120}-\frac{1}{72}\right)\xi^4+O(\xi^6)\right]
θ=exp(−6ξ2)[1+(120n−721)ξ4+O(ξ6)]
最后得到:
L
(
R
)
∼
−
M
(
R
)
(
ξ
2
d
θ
d
ξ
)
ξ
=
ξ
1
q
c
π
4
1
a
3
/
2
(
1
+
3
n
−
5
16
1
α
+
⋯
)
L(R)\sim -\frac{M(R)}{\left(\xi^2\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right)_{\xi=\xi_1}}q_c\frac{\sqrt\pi}{4}\frac{1}{a^{3/2}}\left(1+\frac{3n-5}{16}\frac{1}{\alpha}+\cdots\right)
L(R)∼−(ξ2dξdθ)ξ=ξ1M(R)qc4πa3/21(1+163n−5α1+⋯)
其中:
α
=
n
(
2
+
k
)
+
ν
6
\alpha=\frac{n(2+k)+\nu}{6}
α=6n(2+k)+ν
在
n
=
3
,
k
=
1
n=3,\ k=1
n=3, k=1时:
L
(
R
)
M
(
R
)
q
c
∼
{
0.117
,
ν
=
4
0.0334
,
ν
=
16
\frac{L(R)}{M(R)q_c}\sim\left\{ \begin{aligned} &0.117,\ \nu=4\\ &0.0334,\ \nu=16 \end{aligned} \right.
M(R)qcL(R)∼{0.117, ν=40.0334, ν=16
等温球
等温球是 n = ∞ n=\infty n=∞的多方球,将物态方程代入到流体静力学平衡方程中后,得到:
1
r
2
d
d
r
(
r
2
ρ
d
ρ
d
r
)
=
−
4
π
G
K
ρ
\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{d}{dr}\left(\frac{r^2}{\rho}\frac{d\rho}{dr}\right)=-\frac{4\pi G}{K}\rho
r21drd(ρr2drdρ)=−K4πGρ
上述方程有一个解析解,适用于远处的情形:
ρ
=
K
2
π
G
r
2
\rho=\frac{K}{2\pi G r^2}
ρ=2πGr2K
但这个解在
r
=
0
r=0
r=0处会发散。为了找到非奇异解,对方程进行无量纲化。令
ξ
=
4
π
G
ρ
c
K
r
\xi=\sqrt{\frac{4\pi G\rho_c}{K}}r
ξ=K4πGρcr,
w
=
ln
(
ρ
c
ρ
)
w=\ln\left(\frac{\rho_c}{\rho}\right)
w=ln(ρρc),则原方程变为:
1
ξ
2
d
d
ξ
(
ξ
2
d
w
d
ξ
)
=
d
2
w
d
ξ
2
+
2
ξ
d
w
d
ξ
=
exp
(
−
w
)
\frac{1}{\xi^2}\frac{d}{d\xi}\left(\xi^2\frac{dw}{d\xi}\right)=\frac{d^2 w}{d\xi^2}+\frac{2}{\xi}\frac{dw}{d\xi}=\exp(-w)
ξ21dξd(ξ2dξdw)=dξ2d2w+ξ2dξdw=exp(−w)
此为等温Lane-Emden方程。边界条件:
ξ
=
0
\xi=0
ξ=0处,
w
=
0
w=0
w=0
在靠近中心处,有渐近行为: w ≈ ξ 2 = ( r r 0 ) 2 w\approx \xi^2=\left(\frac{r}{r_0}\right)^2 w≈ξ2=(r0r)2, r 0 r_0 r0是一常数,为King半径
上述渐近行为可以转换为更直观的密度与半径关系:
ρ
=
ρ
c
exp
(
w
)
≈
ρ
c
1
+
(
r
r
0
)
2
\rho=\frac{\rho_c}{\exp(w)}\approx\frac{\rho_c}{1+\left(\frac{r}{r_0}\right)^2}
ρ=exp(w)ρc≈1+(r0r)2ρc
在远处,上述关系即近似为
ρ
≈
K
2
π
G
r
2
\rho\approx\frac{K}{2\pi Gr^2}
ρ≈2πGr2K
此模型中 M ( r ) ∝ r M(r)\propto r M(r)∝r,质量积分发散,是不物理的模型
Bonnor-Ebert球
对于外边界压强 P 0 P_0 P0,声速 c s c_s cs的恒星,恒星核的结构可以用上述得到的等温球非奇异解来近似求解
将等温Lane-Emden方程从中心积分到外边界:
M
=
∫
0
r
0
ρ
4
π
r
2
d
r
=
4
π
ρ
c
(
c
s
2
4
π
G
ρ
c
)
3
/
2
∫
0
ξ
0
ξ
2
e
−
w
d
ξ
=
4
π
ρ
c
(
c
s
2
4
π
G
ρ
c
)
(
ξ
2
d
w
d
ξ
)
ξ
=
ξ
0
\begin{aligned} M&=\int^{r_0}_0\rho 4\pi r^2 dr\\ &=4\pi \rho_c\left(\frac{c_s^2}{4\pi G\rho_c}\right)^{3/2}\int^{\xi_0}_0\xi^2 e^{-w}d\xi\\ &=4\pi \rho_c\left(\frac{c_s^2}{4\pi G \rho_c}\right)\left(\xi^2\frac{dw}{d\xi}\right)_{\xi=\xi_0} \end{aligned}
M=∫0r0ρ4πr2dr=4πρc(4πGρccs2)3/2∫0ξ0ξ2e−wdξ=4πρc(4πGρccs2)(ξ2dξdw)ξ=ξ0
引入无量纲质量(其中,
P
=
ρ
c
s
2
P=\rho c_s^2
P=ρcs2):
m
≡
M
G
3
/
2
ρ
0
1
/
2
c
s
2
=
P
0
1
/
2
G
3
/
2
M
c
s
4
m\equiv \frac{MG^{3/2}\rho_0^{1/2}}{c_s^2}=\frac{P_0^{1/2}G^{3/2}M}{c_s^4}
m≡cs2MG3/2ρ01/2=cs4P01/2G3/2M
则根据前面的
M
M
M,无量纲质量写作:
m
=
(
4
π
ρ
c
ρ
0
)
−
1
/
2
(
ξ
2
d
w
d
ξ
)
ξ
=
ξ
0
=
1
4
π
[
exp
(
w
2
)
ξ
2
d
w
d
ξ
]
ξ
=
ξ
0
m=\left(4\pi \frac{\rho_c}{\rho_0}\right)^{-1/2}\left(\xi^2\frac{dw}{d\xi}\right)_{\xi=\xi_0}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi}}\left[\exp(\frac{w}{2})\xi^2\frac{dw}{d\xi}\right]_{\xi=\xi_0}
m=(4πρ0ρc)−1/2(ξ2dξdw)ξ=ξ0=4π1[exp(2w)ξ2dξdw]ξ=ξ0
由此,在知道外边界压强和声速的情况下,就可以从
M
M
M推断出
r
0
r_0
r0。在给定
M
M
M的情况下,如果
d
P
0
d
r
0
<
0
\dfrac{dP_0}{dr_0}<0
dr0dP0<0,则此等温球稳定。否则,等温球不稳定,发生塌缩,此时
d
m
d
(
ρ
c
/
ρ
0
)
<
0
\dfrac{dm}{d\left(\rho_c/\rho_0\right)}<0
d(ρc/ρ0)dm<0
稳定等温球的质量上限——Bonnor Ebert质量:
M
B
E
=
c
B
E
c
s
4
P
0
1
/
2
G
3
/
2
M_{BE}=\frac{c_{BE}c_s^4}{P_0^{1/2}G^{3/2}}
MBE=P01/2G3/2cBEcs4
其中
c
B
E
≈
1.18
c_{BE}\approx 1.18
cBE≈1.18
多方球相接问题
在过去,数值求解较为困难,因此在恒星演化计算中使用内部为等温核+外部包层为多方球的近似
对于内部的等温核:
P
=
K
1
ρ
,
K
1
=
k
T
μ
m
H
,
r
=
z
r
0
,
r
0
=
9
K
4
π
G
ρ
c
,
ρ
=
ρ
c
exp
(
−
w
)
m
(
r
)
=
ρ
c
(
K
1
4
π
G
ρ
c
)
3
/
2
z
2
d
w
d
z
\begin{aligned} &P=K_1\rho,\ K_1=\frac{kT}{\mu m_H},\ r=zr_0,\ r_0=\sqrt{\frac{9K}{4\pi G\rho_c}},\ \rho=\rho_c\exp(-w)\\ &m(r)=\rho_c\left(\frac{K_1}{4\pi G \rho_c}\right)^{3/2}z^2\frac{dw}{dz} \end{aligned}
P=K1ρ, K1=μmHkT, r=zr0, r0=4πGρc9K, ρ=ρcexp(−w)m(r)=ρc(4πGρcK1)3/2z2dzdw
对于外部的多方球包层:
P
=
K
2
ρ
1
+
1
n
,
ρ
=
ρ
c
θ
n
,
P
=
K
2
ρ
c
1
+
1
n
θ
1
+
n
,
r
n
=
[
(
n
+
1
)
K
ρ
c
1
/
n
−
1
4
π
G
]
m
(
r
)
=
4
π
ρ
c
r
3
(
−
1
ξ
d
θ
d
ξ
)
\begin{aligned} &P=K_2\rho^{1+\frac{1}{n}},\ \rho=\rho_c\theta^n,\ P=K_2\rho_c^{1+\frac{1}{n}}\theta^{1+n},\ r_n=\left[\frac{(n+1)K\rho_c^{1/n-1}}{4\pi G}\right]\\ &m(r)=4\pi \rho_c r^3\left(-\frac{1}{\xi}\frac{d\theta}{d\xi}\right) \end{aligned}
P=K2ρ1+n1, ρ=ρcθn, P=K2ρc1+n1θ1+n, rn=[4πG(n+1)Kρc1/n−1]m(r)=4πρcr3(−ξ1dξdθ)
在交界处,应有密度、压强和质量相同
恒星同构与标度关系
对于具有相似结构的两颗恒星,质量分别为
M
M
M,
M
1
M_1
M1,半径分别为
R
R
R,
R
1
R_1
R1,则有:
r
=
R
R
1
r
1
,
m
=
M
M
1
m
1
→
d
r
d
r
1
=
R
R
1
,
d
m
d
m
1
=
M
M
1
r=\frac{R}{R_1}r_1,\ m=\frac{M}{M_1}m_1\rightarrow \frac{dr}{dr_1}=\frac{R}{R_1},\ \frac{dm}{dm_1}=\frac{M}{M_1}
r=R1Rr1, m=M1Mm1→dr1dr=R1R, dm1dm=M1M
由此从流体静力学平衡方程中得知:
d
r
d
m
=
1
4
π
r
2
ρ
→
ρ
ρ
0
=
d
r
0
/
d
m
0
d
r
/
d
m
(
r
0
r
)
2
=
M
M
0
(
R
R
0
)
−
3
\frac{dr}{dm}=\frac{1}{4\pi r^2\rho}\rightarrow \frac{\rho}{\rho_0}=\frac{dr_0/dm_0}{dr/dm}\left(\frac{r_0}{r}\right)^2=\frac{M}{M_0}\left(\frac{R}{R_0}\right)^{-3}
dmdr=4πr2ρ1→ρ0ρ=dr/dmdr0/dm0(rr0)2=M0M(R0R)−3
d P d m = − G m 4 π r 4 → P P 0 = ( M M 0 ) 2 ( R R 0 ) − 4 \frac{dP}{dm}=-\frac{Gm}{4\pi r^4}\rightarrow \frac{P}{P_0}=\left(\frac{M}{M_0}\right)^2\left(\frac{R}{R_0}\right)^{-4} dmdP=−4πr4Gm→P0P=(M0M)2(R0R)−4
d L d m = q → L L 0 = M M 0 q q 0 \frac{dL}{dm}=q\rightarrow\frac{L}{L_0}=\frac{M}{M_0}\frac{q}{q_0} dmdL=q→L0L=M0Mq0q
d T d m = − 3 κ 64 π 2 a c r 4 L T 3 → T 4 T 0 4 = M M 0 κ κ 0 L L 0 ( R R 0 ) − 4 \frac{dT}{dm}=-\frac{3\kappa}{64\pi^2 acr^4}\frac{L}{T^3}\rightarrow \frac{T^4}{T_0^4}=\frac{M}{M_0}\frac{\kappa}{\kappa_0}\frac{L}{L_0}\left(\frac{R}{R_0}\right)^{-4} dmdT=−64π2acr43κT3L→T04T4=M0Mκ0κL0L(R0R)−4
假设物质函数与温度和密度呈现出下述幂律关系:
P
=
P
0
ρ
χ
ρ
T
χ
T
μ
χ
μ
κ
=
κ
0
ρ
λ
T
s
q
=
q
0
ρ
n
T
ν
P=P_0\rho^{\chi_\rho}T^{\chi_T}\mu^{\chi_\mu}\\ \kappa=\kappa_0\rho^\lambda T^s\\ q=q_0 \rho^n T^\nu
P=P0ρχρTχTμχμκ=κ0ρλTsq=q0ρnTν
半径、光度等物理量与质量和
μ
\mu
μ一定是幂律关系:
R
∝
M
α
R
μ
β
R
P
∝
M
α
P
μ
β
P
T
∝
M
α
T
μ
β
T
L
∝
M
α
L
μ
β
L
\begin{aligned} R&\propto M^{\alpha_R}\mu^{\beta_R}\\ P&\propto M^{\alpha_P}\mu^{\beta_P}\\ T&\propto M^{\alpha_T}\mu^{\beta_T}\\ L&\propto M^{\alpha_L}\mu^{\beta_L} \end{aligned}
RPTL∝MαRμβR∝MαPμβP∝MαTμβT∝MαLμβL
对于上述的各个方程,两端取对数并微分,得到:
d
ln
R
=
α
R
d
ln
M
+
β
R
d
ln
μ
d
ln
P
=
α
P
d
ln
M
+
β
P
d
ln
μ
d
ln
T
=
α
T
d
ln
M
+
β
T
d
ln
μ
d
ln
L
=
α
L
d
ln
M
+
β
L
d
ln
μ
d
ln
P
=
χ
P
d
ln
ρ
+
χ
T
d
ln
T
+
χ
μ
d
ln
μ
d
ln
κ
=
λ
d
ln
ρ
+
s
d
ln
T
d
ln
q
=
n
d
ln
ρ
+
ν
d
ln
T
d
ln
ρ
=
d
ln
M
−
3
d
ln
R
d
ln
P
=
2
d
ln
M
−
4
d
ln
R
d
ln
L
=
d
ln
M
+
d
ln
q
4
d
ln
T
=
d
ln
M
+
d
ln
κ
+
d
ln
L
−
4
d
ln
R
\begin{aligned} &d\ln R=\alpha_R d\ln M+\beta_R d\ln\mu\\ &d\ln P=\alpha_P d\ln M+\beta_P d\ln\mu\\ &d\ln T=\alpha_T d\ln M+\beta_T d\ln\mu\\ &d\ln L=\alpha_L d\ln M+\beta_L d\ln\mu\\ &d\ln P=\chi_P d\ln\rho+\chi_T d\ln T+\chi_\mu d\ln \mu\\ &d\ln\kappa=\lambda d\ln\rho + sd\ln T\\ &d\ln q=nd\ln\rho+\nu d\ln T\\ &d\ln\rho=d\ln M-3d\ln R\\ &d\ln P=2d\ln M-4d\ln R\\ &d\ln L=d\ln M+d\ln q\\ &4d\ln T=d\ln M+d\ln \kappa+d\ln L- 4d\ln R \end{aligned}
dlnR=αRdlnM+βRdlnμdlnP=αPdlnM+βPdlnμdlnT=αTdlnM+βTdlnμdlnL=αLdlnM+βLdlnμdlnP=χPdlnρ+χTdlnT+χμdlnμdlnκ=λdlnρ+sdlnTdlnq=ndlnρ+νdlnTdlnρ=dlnM−3dlnRdlnP=2dlnM−4dlnRdlnL=dlnM+dlnq4dlnT=dlnM+dlnκ+dlnL−4dlnR
化简并求解上述微分方程得到:
α
R
=
1
3
[
1
−
2
(
X
T
+
ν
−
s
−
4
)
D
r
a
d
]
α
ρ
=
2
(
χ
T
+
ν
−
s
−
4
)
D
r
a
d
α
L
=
1
+
[
2
λ
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χ
T
+
ν
−
s
−
4
)
−
2
ν
(
χ
ρ
+
λ
+
n
)
]
D
r
a
d
α
T
=
−
2
(
χ
ρ
+
λ
+
n
)
D
r
a
d
β
R
=
−
χ
μ
[
ν
−
(
4
+
s
)
]
D
r
a
d
β
ρ
=
3
χ
μ
[
ν
−
(
4
+
s
)
]
D
r
a
d
β
L
=
−
χ
μ
[
4
ν
+
3
n
ν
+
12
λ
+
3
λ
s
]
D
r
a
d
β
T
=
−
χ
μ
[
3
λ
+
3
n
+
4
]
D
r
a
d
\begin{aligned} &\alpha_R=\frac{1}{3}\left[1-\frac{2(X_T+\nu-s-4)}{D_{rad}}\right]\\ &\alpha_\rho=\frac{2(\chi_T+\nu-s-4)}{D_{rad}}\\ &\alpha_L=1+\frac{[2\lambda(\chi_T+\nu-s-4)-2\nu(\chi_\rho+\lambda+n)]}{D_{rad}}\\ &\alpha_T=\frac{-2(\chi_\rho+\lambda+n)}{D_{rad}}\\ &\beta_R=-\chi_\mu\frac{[\nu-(4+s)]}{D_{rad}}\\ &\beta_\rho=3\chi_\mu\frac{[\nu-(4+s)]}{D_{rad}}\\ &\beta_L=-\chi_\mu\frac{[4\nu+3n\nu+12\lambda+3\lambda s]}{D_{rad}}\\ &\beta_T=-\chi_\mu\frac{[3\lambda+3n+4]}{D_{rad}} \end{aligned}
αR=31[1−Drad2(XT+ν−s−4)]αρ=Drad2(χT+ν−s−4)αL=1+Drad[2λ(χT+ν−s−4)−2ν(χρ+λ+n)]αT=Drad−2(χρ+λ+n)βR=−χμDrad[ν−(4+s)]βρ=3χμDrad[ν−(4+s)]βL=−χμDrad[4ν+3nν+12λ+3λs]βT=−χμDrad[3λ+3n+4]
由此得知主序恒星在H-R图上的斜率:
d
ln
T
e
f
f
d
ln
L
=
α
L
−
2
α
R
4
α
L
\frac{d\ln T_{eff}}{d\ln L}=\frac{\alpha_L-2\alpha_R}{4\alpha_L}
dlnLdlnTeff=4αLαL−2αR