7、旋转刚体的引力辐射
刚体运动的描述
对于任意刚体而言,其转动惯量的定义为:
I
i
j
=
∫
V
ρ
(
r
)
(
δ
i
j
∑
k
=
1
3
r
k
2
−
r
i
r
j
)
d
V
I_{ij}=\int_V \rho(r)(\delta_{ij}\sum^3_{k=1}r^2_k-r_ir_j)dV
Iij=∫Vρ(r)(δijk=1∑3rk2−rirj)dV
总是存在正交矩阵
T
T
T,可以使得转动惯量对角化:
T
T
I
T
=
D
=
d
i
a
g
{
I
1
,
I
2
,
I
3
}
T^T I T=D=diag\{I_1,I_2,I_3\}
TTIT=D=diag{I1,I2,I3}
对角化后得到的
D
D
D称为“主转动惯量”
以中心惯量主轴建立“随动坐标系”,则刚体的转动惯量为
D
D
D,非零对角元为:
I
1
=
∫
d
2
x
ρ
(
x
⃗
)
(
x
2
2
+
x
3
2
)
I
2
=
∫
d
2
x
ρ
(
x
⃗
)
(
x
1
2
+
x
3
2
)
I
3
=
∫
d
2
x
ρ
(
x
⃗
)
(
x
1
2
+
x
2
2
)
\begin{aligned} I_1&=\int d^2 x\rho(\vec x)(x^2_2+x^2_3)\\ I_2&=\int d^2 x\rho(\vec x)(x^2_1+x^2_3)\\ I_3&=\int d^2 x\rho(\vec x)(x^2_1+x^2_2) \end{aligned}
I1I2I3=∫d2xρ(x)(x22+x32)=∫d2xρ(x)(x12+x32)=∫d2xρ(x)(x12+x22)
当刚体转动角速度为
ω
⃗
\vec\omega
ω时,总角动量为:
J
i
=
I
i
j
ω
j
J_i=I_{ij}\omega_j
Ji=Iijωj
转动动能为:
R
r
o
t
=
1
2
I
i
j
ω
i
ω
j
R_{rot}=\frac{1}{2}I_{ij}\omega_i\omega_j
Rrot=21Iijωiωj
在随动坐标系中:
R
r
o
t
=
1
2
(
I
1
ω
1
2
+
I
2
ω
2
2
+
I
3
ω
3
2
)
R_{rot}=\frac{1}{2}(I_1\omega_1^2+I_2\omega_2^2+I_3\omega_3^2)
Rrot=21(I1ω12+I2ω22+I3ω32)
引力辐射
用
(
x
1
′
,
x
2
′
,
x
3
′
)
(x_1',x_2',x_3')
(x1′,x2′,x3′)表示随动坐标系,
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
x
3
)
(x_1,x_2,x_3)
(x1,x2,x3)表示固定坐标系,考虑刚体沿
x
3
′
=
x
3
x_3'=x_3
x3′=x3轴以角速度
ω
\omega
ω转动,则有:
x
i
′
=
R
i
j
x
j
x_i'=R_{ij}x_j
xi′=Rijxj
其中:
R
i
j
=
(
cos
ω
r
o
t
t
sin
ω
r
o
t
t
0
−
sin
ω
r
o
t
t
cos
ω
r
o
t
t
0
0
0
1
)
R_{ij}=\left(\begin{matrix} \cos\omega_{rot}t & \sin\omega_{rot}t & 0\\ -\sin\omega_{rot}t & \cos\omega_{rot}t & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right)
Rij=⎝⎛cosωrott−sinωrott0sinωrottcosωrott0001⎠⎞
对应地,转动惯量为:
I
i
j
′
=
(
R
I
R
T
)
i
j
I
i
j
=
(
R
T
I
′
R
)
i
j
I_{ij}'=(R I R^T)_{ij}\\ I_{ij}=(R^T I' R)_{ij}
Iij′=(RIRT)ijIij=(RTI′R)ij
因此得到:
I
11
=
I
1
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
+
I
2
sin
2
ω
r
o
t
t
=
1
+
I
1
−
I
2
2
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
I
12
=
I
1
−
I
2
2
sin
2
ω
r
o
t
t
I
22
=
I
1
sin
2
ω
r
o
t
t
+
I
2
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
=
1
−
I
1
−
I
2
2
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
I
33
=
I
3
I
13
=
I
23
=
0
\begin{aligned} I_{11}&=I_1\cos^2\omega_{rot}t+I_2\sin^2\omega_{rot}t=1+\frac{I_1-I_2}{2}\cos 2\omega_{rot}t\\ I_{12}&=\frac{I_1-I_2}{2}\sin 2\omega_{rot}t\\ I_{22}&=I_1\sin^2\omega_{rot}t+I_2\cos^2\omega_{rot}t=1-\frac{I_1-I_2}{2}\cos 2\omega_{rot}t\\ I_{33}&=I_3\\ I_{13}&=I_{23}=0 \end{aligned}
I11I12I22I33I13=I1cos2ωrott+I2sin2ωrott=1+2I1−I2cos2ωrott=2I1−I2sin2ωrott=I1sin2ωrott+I2cos2ωrott=1−2I1−I2cos2ωrott=I3=I23=0
结合转动惯量和四极矩的定义,可以得知它们具有下述关系:
q
i
j
=
−
3
I
i
j
+
c
i
j
q_{ij}=-3I_{ij}+c_{ij}
qij=−3Iij+cij
其中
c
i
j
c_{ij}
cij是常数矩阵,在
R
i
j
R_{ij}
Rij变换下是个不变量,即不是时间的函数,因此,有:
q
11
=
−
3
(
I
1
−
I
2
)
2
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
+
c
o
n
s
t
q
12
=
−
3
(
I
1
−
I
2
)
2
sin
2
ω
r
o
t
t
+
c
o
n
s
t
q
22
=
3
(
I
1
−
I
2
)
2
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
+
c
o
n
s
t
\begin{aligned} q_{11}&=-\frac{3(I_1-I_2)}{2}\cos 2\omega_{rot}t+const\\ q_{12}&=-\frac{3(I_1-I_2)}{2}\sin 2\omega_{rot}t+const\\ q_{22}&=\frac{3(I_1-I_2)}{2}\cos 2\omega_{rot}t+const \end{aligned}
q11q12q22=−23(I1−I2)cos2ωrott+const=−23(I1−I2)sin2ωrott+const=23(I1−I2)cos2ωrott+const
定义
I
≡
I
1
+
I
2
I\equiv I_1+I_2
I≡I1+I2,
ϵ
≡
I
1
−
I
2
I
3
\epsilon\equiv \frac{I_1-I_2}{I_3}
ϵ≡I3I1−I2,则有:
q
¨
11
=
−
q
¨
22
=
6
I
3
ϵ
ω
r
o
t
2
cos
2
ω
r
o
t
t
q
¨
12
=
6
I
3
ϵ
ω
r
o
t
2
sin
2
ω
r
o
t
t
\begin{aligned} \ddot q_{11}&=-\ddot q_{22}=6I_3\epsilon \omega^2_{rot}\cos 2\omega_{rot}t\\ \ddot q_{12}&=6I_3\epsilon \omega^2_{rot}\sin 2\omega_{rot}t \end{aligned}
q¨11q¨12=−q¨22=6I3ϵωrot2cos2ωrott=6I3ϵωrot2sin2ωrott
由此得到引力波的波形:
h
+
(
t
,
θ
,
φ
)
=
4
G
I
3
ϵ
ω
r
o
t
2
R
(
1
+
c
θ
2
2
)
cos
(
2
ω
t
r
+
2
φ
)
h
×
(
t
,
θ
,
φ
)
=
4
G
I
3
ϵ
ω
r
o
t
2
R
c
θ
sin
(
2
ω
t
r
+
2
φ
)
\begin{aligned} h_+(t,\theta,\varphi)&=\frac{4GI_3 \epsilon \omega^2_{rot}}{R}\left(\frac{1+c^2_\theta}{2}\right)\cos(2\omega t_r+2\varphi)\\ h_\times(t,\theta,\varphi)&=\frac{4GI_3\epsilon \omega^2_{rot}}{R}c_\theta\sin(2\omega t_r+2\varphi) \end{aligned}
h+(t,θ,φ)h×(t,θ,φ)=R4GI3ϵωrot2(21+cθ2)cos(2ωtr+2φ)=R4GI3ϵωrot2cθsin(2ωtr+2φ)
即引力波的振幅为:
∣
h
∣
=
4
G
I
3
ϵ
ω
r
o
t
2
R
|h|=\frac{4GI_3\epsilon \omega_{rot}^2}{R}
∣h∣=R4GI3ϵωrot2
辐射功率为:
P
=
32
G
5
ϵ
2
I
3
2
ω
r
o
t
6
P=\frac{32G}{5}\epsilon^2 I_3^2 \omega^6_{rot}
P=532Gϵ2I32ωrot6
应用:中子星的自转减慢
如果中子星的自转减慢完全是由引力辐射引起的
根据转动能:
E
r
o
t
=
1
2
I
3
ω
r
o
t
2
E
˙
r
o
t
=
I
3
ω
r
o
t
ω
˙
r
o
t
−
P
=
I
3
ω
r
o
t
ω
˙
r
o
t
−
32
G
5
ϵ
2
I
3
2
ω
r
o
t
6
=
I
3
ω
r
o
t
ω
˙
r
o
t
ω
˙
t
o
t
=
−
32
G
5
ϵ
2
I
3
ω
t
o
t
5
\begin{aligned} E_{rot}&=\frac{1}{2}I_3\omega^2_{rot}\\ \dot E_{rot}&=I_3\omega_{rot}\dot \omega_{rot}\\ -P&=I_3\omega_{rot}\dot \omega_{rot}\\ -\frac{32G}{5}\epsilon^2 I_3^2 \omega^6_{rot}&=I_3\omega_{rot}\dot \omega_{rot}\\ \dot \omega_{tot}&=-\frac{32G}{5}\epsilon^2 I_3 \omega^5_{tot} \end{aligned}
ErotE˙rot−P−532Gϵ2I32ωrot6ω˙tot=21I3ωrot2=I3ωrotω˙rot=I3ωrotω˙rot=I3ωrotω˙rot=−532Gϵ2I3ωtot5
但观测发现,
ω
˙
r
o
t
∝
ω
r
o
t
n
\dot\omega_{rot}\propto \omega^n_{rot}
ω˙rot∝ωrotn,其中的
n
=
2
∼
3
n=2\sim 3
n=2∼3而不是5,说明中子星自转减慢的原因并不完全是引力波辐射主导