2

$\mathcal{N}o.1:$

• 证:

  设$n=2\ast k+1$

  $$\begin{gathered} \therefore n^2-1 \\ =(2\ast k+1{)}^2-1 \\ =4\ast k^2+4\ast k \\ =4\ast (k\ast (k+1)) \end{gathered}$$

  即证 $2|(k\ast (k+1))$
  当$k\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}n=1$时，$\therefore 2|(k+1)\Rightarrow 2|(k\ast (k+1))\Rightarrow 8|(4\ast (k\ast (k+1)))$,得证
  当$k\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}n=0$时，$\therefore 2|k\Rightarrow 2|(k\ast (k+1))\Rightarrow 8|(4\ast (k\ast (k+1)))$,得证
  综上，$8|(n^2-1)$,证毕。

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$\mathcal{N}o.2:$

• 证：

  1.$\because n\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}2=0$

  设$n=2\ast k$

  $\therefore 3^n+1=3^{2\ast k}+1=9^k+1$

  $\because 9^k\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}2=1$

  $\therefore (9^k+1)\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}2=0$

  $\Rightarrow 2|(3^n+1)$

  证毕

  2.$\because n\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}2=1$

  $\therefore 3^n+1=(3+1)\ast {\sum }_{(i=0)}^{(n-1)}{3}^{(n-i-1)}\ast (-1{)}^i$

  $\Rightarrow 3^n+1=4\ast {\sum }_{(i=0)}^{(n-1)}{3}^{(n-i-1)}\ast (-1{)}^i$

  $\Rightarrow 4|(3^n+1)$

  证毕

  3. 当$n\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}2=1$时，设$n=2\ast k$

     $\therefore$

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$\mathcal{N}o.4:$

• 证：

  若$17|(2a+3b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|5\ast (2a+3b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|(10a+15b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|(27a+15b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|3\ast (9a+5b)$

  $\because \gcd (17,3)=1$

  $\therefore 17|(9a+5b)$

  得证

  若17|(9a+5b)

  $\Rightarrow 17|3\ast (9a+5b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|(27a+15b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|(10a+15b)$

  $\Rightarrow 17|5\ast (2a+3b)$

  $\because \gcd (17,5)=1$

  $\therefore 17|(2a+3b)$

  得证

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$\mathcal{N}o.6:$

• $1)$

  $$\begin{gathered} \gcd (1492,1066) \\ =\gcd (1066,426) \\ =\gcd (426,214) \\ =\gcd (214,212) \\ =\gcd (212,2) \\ =gcd(2,0) \\ =2 \end{gathered}$$

• $2)$

  $$\begin{gathered} \gcd (24871,3468) \\ =\gcd (3468,595) \\ =\gcd (595,493) \\ =\gcd (493,102) \\ =\gcd (102,85) \\ =\gcd (85,17) \\ =\gcd (17,0) \\ =17 \end{gathered}$$

• $3)$

  $$\begin{gathered} \gcd (120,504,882) \\ =\gcd (\gcd (120,504),882) \\ =\gcd (\gcd (120,24),882) \\ =\gcd (\gcd (24,0),882) \\ =\gcd (24,882) \\ =\gcd (882,24) \\ =\gcd (24,18) \\ =\gcd (18,6) \\ =\gcd (6,0) \\ =6 \end{gathered}$$

• $4)$

  $$\begin{gathered} \mathrm{lcm}(135,513,3114) \\ =\frac{135\ast 513\ast 3114}{\gcd (135\ast 513+513\ast 3114+135\ast 3114)} \\ =23962230 \end{gathered}$$

$\mathcal{N}o.7:$

• 解：

  $$\begin{gathered} \because \gcd (1485,1745) \\ =\gcd (1745,1485) \\ =\gcd (1485,260) \\ =\gcd (260,185) \\ =\gcd (185,75) \\ =\gcd (75,35) \\ =\gcd (35,5) \\ =\gcd (5,0) \\ =5 \end{gathered}$$
  $\therefore 1485s+1745t=5\Rightarrow {\{}_{t=40}^{s=-47}$