BIOS13: Dynamic Systems(动力学系统)

Dynamic Systems

A dynamic systems changes over time, a function relates to time.

Exponential growth

A simple example is that of exponential growth, applicable to bacterial growth in a test tube.

Assumption:

Birth rate: $b$

Death rate: $d$

Growth rate: $r=b-d$

Population size: $N$

Because both birth rate and death rate are fixed, so growth rate is also fixed.
$$N_{t+1}=r{N}_t$$
Solution:
$$Primitivefunction:N=f(t)$$

$$Derivation:f^{\prime }(t)=rN=rf(t)$$

$$Backwardderivation:N_t=f(t)=N_0{e}^{rt}$$

Here we suppose $N_0=1$.

t = seq(0, 10, 0.01)
r1 = 0.5
r2 = -1
n0 = 1
np = n0*exp(r1*t)
nn = n0*exp(r2*t)
plot(t,np,type = 'l',xlab = 'time', ylab = 'n', ylim = c(0, 10))
lines(t,nn,col = 'red')
legend("topleft",  c("r>0","r<0"), lty=c(1, 1), col=c("red", "black"))

Conclusion:

So when r>0, n increases, otherwise, decreases.

Differential calculus in R

library(deSolve)

expGrowth = function(t, n, r){
  dndt = r*n
  return(list(dndt)) # the output has to be a list
}

timevec = seq(0, 20, 0.1)
r =0.1
n0 = 1
# call the ode function to solve the differential equation
out = ode(y = n0, func = expGrowth, times = timevec, parms = r)

plot(out, main = "Exponential growth")

Logistic growth

Population can not go on forever. The per capita growth rate r will decrease with population size n.

Assumption:
$$r=r_0(1-\frac{N}{K})$$

$$N_{t+1}=r{N}_t=r_0{N}_t(1-\frac{N_t}{K})$$

Logistic equation:
$$N_t=$$