数据库查询优化之关联查询优化

1. 建表语句
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `class` (
`id` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`card` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `book` (
`bookid` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`card` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`bookid`)
);
 
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
 
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));

2. 案例

2.1 left join（必定有一张需要全表扫描，选择哪张？？）

①EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;

②如何优化？在哪个表上建立索引？

ALTER TABLE `book` ADD INDEX  idx_card( `card`);

③删除book表的索引：drop index idx_card on book;

在class表上建立索引：alter table class add index idx_card(card);

结论：

①在优化关联查询时，只有在被驱动表上建立索引才有效！

②left join时，左侧的为驱动表，右侧为被驱动表！

2.2 inner join

①EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM book inner join class on class.card=book.card;

②两个查询字段调换顺序，发现结果也是一样的！

③在book表中，删除9条记录

 

④结论：inner join 时，mysql会自己帮你把小结果集的表选为驱动表。

⑤straight_join: 效果和inner join一样，但是会强制将左侧作为驱动表！

2.3 四个关联查询案例分析

EXPLAIN SELECT ed.name '人物',c.name '掌门' FROM (SELECT e.name,d.ceo from t_emp e LEFT JOIN t_dept d on e.deptid=d.id) ed  LEFT JOIN t_emp c on ed.ceo= c.id;

EXPLAIN SELECT e.name '人物',tmp.name '掌门'

FROM t_emp e LEFT JOIN (SELECT d.id did,e.name FROM t_dept d LEFT JOIN t_emp e ON d.ceo=e.id)tmp

ON e.deptId=tmp.did;

上述两个案例，第一个查询效率较高，且有优化的余地。第二个案例中，子查询作为被驱动表，由于子查询是虚表，无法建立索引，因此不能优化。

 

结论：

子查询尽量不要放在被驱动表，有可能使用不到索引；

left join时，尽量让实体表作为被驱动表。

 

EXPLAIN SELECT e1.name '人物',e2.name '掌门' 
 FROM t_emp e1 
 LEFT JOIN t_dept d on e1.deptid = d.id
 LEFT JOIN t_emp e2 on d.ceo = e2.id ;

 

Explain SELECT e2.name '人物',
(SELECT e1.name FROM t_emp e1 where e1.id= d.ceo) '掌门'
 from t_emp e2 LEFT JOIN t_dept d on e2.deptid=d.id;

结论：能够直接多表关联的尽量直接关联，不用子查询！