DES加密算法

DES加密算法

参考

  1. 《密码编码与信息安全——C++实践》
  2. 参考“DES加密算法|密码学|信息安全” https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1KQ4y127AT?from=search&seid=1358372623996612630&spm_id_from=333.337.0.0

本文将从基本原理,加密过程,子密钥生成过程对DES进行讲解。源码可在github中找到,文末也会贴出源码。

https://github.com/yingmuzhi/cryptology/blob/main/DES.cpp

基本原理

  • DES算法是属于对称密码算法中的分组加密算法。
    分组加密属于块加密,对一个字节块进行加密。与分组加密对应的是流加密,流加密指一个字节一个字节加密。
  • 密钥长64bit,56bit参与运算,其余8bit为校验位。分别取自{8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64}位。
  • 当n个64bit明文数据块都经过DES加密处理后,所得到的n个64bit密文数据块串在一起就是密文。

加密过程

以论运算为主,共进行16次轮加密。每一次轮加密左边与f运算的R异或后变右边,右边变左边。
在这里插入图片描述

  • IP置换(Initial Permutations)
    将原来的64bit二进制位重新排序

  • 轮函数——E扩展置换
    将32bit输入扩展为48bit输出
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 48bit明文和48bit密钥异或后,再使用8个S盒压缩处理得到32bit数据,这是一个非线性运算
    在这里插入图片描述

  • P盒置换,32bit->32bit。再和L0异或
    在这里插入图片描述

  • IPI置换

密钥生成

64bit密钥生成16个48bit的轮密钥
在这里插入图片描述

  • 使用PC1置换算法,64bit->56bit
  • 分组循环左移(若求解密密钥则是分组循环右移)
  • 合并后使用PC2置换算法,56bit->48bit

源码:

/*
 * @Descripttion: refer to "密码编码与信息安全:C++实践"
 * @version: 
 * @Author: MuzhiYing
 * @Date: 2022-03-23 14:36:55
 * @LastEditors: MuzhiYing
 * @LastEditTime: 2022-03-23 16:40:16
 */

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using std::vector;
using namespace std;
// using namespace std::cout;
// using namespace std::endl;
// using namespace std::string;

// unsigned int 刚好是 64bit = 8Byte = 8 * char
class DES
{
public:
	DES();                              // 构造函数
	// function
	void setKey(string k);              // 设置初始密钥的函数
	void setPlainText(string p);        // 设置明文的函数
	unsigned long long permutations(unsigned long long num, const int p[], int pmax, int n);    // 用于密钥生成、加解密过程的各类置换的函数
	void genEncKey();                   // 生成加密、解密的子密钥的过程
	unsigned long long SBoxes(unsigned long long num);  // S盒计算
	void encryption();                  // 用于加密函数
	void decryption();                  // 用于解密函数
	void showBinary(unsigned long long num);    // 将数据以二进制形式显示的函数,用于检查数据计算过程
	void showResult();                  // 用于显示解密,解密结果的函数
private:
	unsigned long long keyShift(unsigned long long k, int n);
	unsigned long long key;             // 输入的密钥
	unsigned long long plainText;       // 明文
	unsigned long long cipherText;      // 密文
	unsigned long long decipherText;    // 经过解密后的密文,理论上应该等于明文
	unsigned long long encKey[16];      // 由密钥生成的16个子密钥
	static const int IP[64];            // 初始IP置换
	static const int IPI[64];           // IP置换的逆置换
	static const int keyIP[56];         // 密钥置换数组,将密钥从64bit->56bit
	static const int encKeyRound[16];   // 生成子密钥时左移数组
	static const int CP[48];            // 密钥压缩置换数组,将密钥从56bit->48bit
	static const int EP[48];            // 扩展置换的数组,将明文从32bit->48bit
	static const int SBox[32][16];      // S盒运算
	static const int P[32];             // S盒运算后的P置换数组
};

/// 初始化
DES::DES(){
	key = 0;
	plainText = 0;
	cipherText = 0;
	decipherText = 0;
}

/// 用于加密。将进来的明文进行ip置换,64bit->64bit
const int DES::IP[64] = {58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
						60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
						62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
						64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
						57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17,  9, 1,
						59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
						61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
						63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7};
/// 用于加密。将经过16轮轮变换的text进行ipi置换,即ip逆置换,64bit->64bit
const int DES::IPI[64] = {40,  8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
						39,  7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
						38,  6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
						37,  5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
						36,  4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
						35,  3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
						34,  2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
						33,  1, 41,  9, 49, 17, 57, 25};
/// 用于生成密钥。将密钥PC1置换,64bit->56bit
const int DES::keyIP[56] = {57, 49,  41, 33,  25,  17,  9,
						1, 58,  50, 42,  34,  26, 18,
						10,  2,  59, 51,  43,  35, 27,
						19, 11,   3, 60,  52,  44, 36,
						63, 55,  47, 39,  31,  23, 15,
						7, 62,  54, 46,  38,  30, 22,
						14,  6,  61, 53,  45,  37, 29,
						21, 13,   5, 28,  20,  12,  4};
/// 用于生成密钥。生成子密钥时左移数组个数
const int DES::encKeyRound[16] = {1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1};
/// 用于生成密钥。PC2置换,56bit->48bit
const int DES::CP[48] = {14, 17, 11, 24,  1,  5,
						3, 28, 15,  6, 21, 10,
						23, 19, 12,  4, 26,  8,
						16,  7, 27, 20, 13,  2,
						41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55,
						30, 40, 51, 45, 33, 48,
						44, 49, 39, 56, 34, 53,
						46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32};
/// 用于加密中轮运算。E扩展置换,32bit->48bit
const int DES::EP[48] = {32,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,
							 4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,
							 8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
							12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
							16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
							20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
							24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
							28, 29, 30, 31, 32,  1};
/// 用于加密中轮运算。S盒置换,48bit->32bit
const int DES::SBox[32][16] = {
	         14,  4, 13,  1,  2, 15, 11,  8,  3, 10,  6, 12,  5,  9,  0,  7, //S1
			 0, 15,  7,  4, 14,  2, 13,  1, 10,  6, 12, 11,  9,  5,  3,  8,
			 4,  1, 14,  8, 13,  6,  2, 11, 15, 12,  9,  7,  3, 10,  5,  0,
			15, 12,  8,  2,  4,  9,  1,  7,  5, 11,  3, 14, 10,  0,  6, 13,

			15,  1,  8, 14,  6, 11,  3,  4,  9,  7,  2, 13, 12,  0,  5, 10, //S2
			 3, 13,  4,  7, 15,  2,  8, 14, 12,  0,  1, 10,  6,  9, 11,  5,
			 0, 14,  7, 11, 10,  4, 13,  1,  5,  8, 12,  6,  9,  3,  2, 15,
			13,  8, 10,  1,  3, 15,  4,  2, 11,  6,  7, 12,  0,  5, 14,  9,

			10,  0,  9, 14,  6,  3, 15,  5,  1, 13, 12,  7, 11,  4,  2,  8, //S3
			13,  7,  0,  9,  3,  4,  6, 10,  2,  8,  5, 14, 12, 11, 15,  1,
			13,  6,  4,  9,  8, 15,  3,  0, 11,  1,  2, 12,  5, 10, 14,  7,
			 1, 10, 13,  0,  6,  9,  8,  7,  4, 15, 14,  3, 11,  5,  2, 12,

			  7, 13, 14,  3,  0,  6,  9, 10,  1,  2,  8,  5, 11, 12,  4, 15, //S4
			13,  8, 11,  5,  6, 15,  0,  3,  4,  7,  2, 12,  1, 10, 14,  9,
			10,  6,  9,  0, 12, 11,  7, 13, 15,  1,  3, 14,  5,  2,  8,  4,
			 3, 15,  0,  6, 10,  1, 13,  8,  9,  4,  5, 11, 12,  7,  2, 14,

			 2, 12,  4,  1,  7, 10, 11,  6,  8,  5,  3, 15, 13,  0, 14,  9,
			14, 11,  2, 12,  4,  7, 13,  1,  5,  0, 15, 10,  3,  9,  8,  6,
			 4,  2,  1, 11, 10, 13,  7,  8, 15,  9, 12,  5,  6,  3,  0, 14,
			11,  8, 12,  7,  1, 14,  2, 13,  6, 15,  0,  9, 10,  4,  5,  3, //S5

			12,  1, 10, 15,  9,  2,  6,  8,  0, 13,  3,  4, 14,  7,  5, 11,
			10, 15,  4,  2,  7, 12,  9,  5,  6,  1, 13, 14,  0, 11,  3,  8,
			 9, 14, 15,  5,  2,  8, 12,  3,  7,  0,  4, 10,  1, 13, 11,  6,
			 4,  3,  2, 12,  9,  5, 15, 10, 11, 14,  1,  7,  6,  0,  8, 13, //S6

			 4, 11,  2, 14, 15,  0,  8, 13,  3, 12,  9,  7,  5, 10,  6,  1,
			13,  0, 11,  7,  4,  9,  1, 10, 14,  3,  5, 12,  2, 15,  8,  6,
			 1,  4, 11, 13, 12,  3,  7, 14, 10, 15,  6,  8,  0,  5,  9,  2,
			 6, 11, 13,  8,  1,  4, 10,  7,  9,  5,  0, 15, 14,  2,  3, 12,//S7

			 13,  2,  8,  4,  6, 15, 11,  1, 10,  9,  3, 14,  5,  0, 12,  7,
			 1, 15, 13,  8, 10,  3,  7,  4, 12,  5,  6, 11,  0, 14,  9,  2,
			 7, 11,  4,  1,  9, 12, 14,  2,  0,  6, 10, 13, 15,  3,  5,  8,
			 2,  1, 14,  7,  4, 10,  8, 13, 15, 12,  9,  0,  3,  5,  6, 11  //S8
};
/// 用于加密中轮运算。P盒置换,32bit->32bit
const int DES::P[32] = {16,  7, 20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,1, 15, 23, 26, 5, 18, 31, 10,
						2,  8, 24, 14, 32, 27,  3,  9, 19, 13, 30,  6, 22, 11,  4, 25};
/// 输入密钥为8Byte的字符串,转换为unsigned long long 类型 64bit
void DES::setKey(string k)
{
    int i ;
    unsigned long long c;
    for (i = 0; i< 8; i++){
        c = k[i];
        key = (c<<(7-i) * 8) | key; // key等于左移后的c
    }
}
/// 输入明文为8Byte的字符串,转换为unsigned long long 类型 64bit
void DES::setPlainText(string p){
    int i;
    unsigned long long c;
    for (i = 0; i< 8; i++){
        c = p[i];
        plainText = (c<<(7-i)*8) | plainText;
    }
}
/// 生成子密钥
void DES::genEncKey(){
	unsigned long long gkey;
	gkey = permutations(key, keyIP, 64, 56);        // 密钥初始置换。64bit->56bit
	int i;
	for(i=0; i<16; i++){
		gkey = keyShift(gkey, encKeyRound[i]);      // 左移
		encKey[i] = permutations(gkey, CP, 56, 48); // 密钥压缩置换。56bit->48bit
	}
}
/// 密钥循环左右移
unsigned long long DES::keyShift(unsigned long long k, int n){
	unsigned long long tempKey = 0;
	unsigned long long L, R;
	L = (k&0xFFFFFFF0000000LL)>>28;
	//cout<<"L:"<<L<<endl;
	R = k&0x0000000FFFFFFF;
	if(n == 1){
		L = ((L&0x7FFFFFF)<<1) | ((L>>27)&1);
		R = ((R&0x7FFFFFF)<<1) | ((R>>27)&1);
		tempKey = (L<<28) | R;
	}else if(n==2){
		L = ((L&0x3FFFFFF)<<2) | ((L>>26)&3);
		R = ((R&0x7FFFFFF)<<2) | ((R>>26)&3);
		tempKey = (L<<28) | R;
	}
	return tempKey;
}
/// 根据数组要求,实现置换
unsigned long long DES::permutations(unsigned long long num, const int p[], int pmax, int n){
	unsigned long long temp = 0;
	int i;
	for(i=0;i<n;i++){
		temp <<= 1;
		temp |= (num >> (pmax - p[i])) & 1;
	}
	return temp;
}
/// S盒运算
unsigned long long DES::SBoxes(unsigned long long num){
	int i;
	unsigned long long temp;
	unsigned long long result = 0;
	for (i=0; i<8; ++i){
		temp = (num >> ((7-i) * 6)) & 0x3F;
		int x = ((temp>>4) & 0x2) | (temp & 0x1) + i*4;
		int y = (temp>>1) & 0xF;
		temp = SBox[x][y];
		temp = temp << ((7-i)*4);
		result |= temp;
	}
	return result;
}
/// 加密总过程
void DES::encryption(){
	unsigned long long temp = permutations(plainText, IP, 64, 64);
	int i;
	unsigned long long L, R, tempR;
	L = (temp & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000LL) >> 32;
	R = (temp & 0x00000000FFFFFFFFLL);
	tempR = R;
	for(i = 0; i<16; i++){
		tempR = permutations(R, EP, 32, 48);
		tempR = tempR ^ encKey[i];
		tempR = SBoxes(tempR);
		tempR = permutations(tempR, P, 32, 32);
		tempR ^= L;
		L = R;
		R = tempR;
		cout<<"L["<<i+1<<"]:"<<L<<";R["<<i+1<<"]:"<<R<<endl;
	}
	temp = (R<<32) | L;
	temp = permutations(temp, IPI, 64, 64);
	cipherText = temp;
}
/// 解密总过程
void DES::decryption(){
	unsigned long long temp = permutations(cipherText, IP, 64, 64);
	int i;
	unsigned long long L, R, tempR;
	L = (temp & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000LL) >> 32;
	R = (temp & 0x00000000FFFFFFFFLL);
	tempR = R;
	for(i = 0; i<16; i++){
		tempR = permutations(R, EP, 32, 48);
		tempR = tempR ^ encKey[15-i];   // 密钥生成方顺序不同
		tempR = SBoxes(tempR);
		tempR = permutations(tempR, P, 32, 32);
		tempR ^= L;
		L = R;
		R = tempR;
	}
	temp = (R<<32) | L;
	temp = permutations(temp, IPI, 64, 64);
	decipherText = temp;
}
/// 二进制结果展示
void DES::showBinary(unsigned long long num){
	std::vector<int> v;
	do{
		v.push_back(num % 2);
		num = (num - num%2) / 2;
	}while(num != 0);
	for(int i=(v.size()-1); i>=0; i--){
		cout<<v[i];
	}
	cout<<endl;
}
/// 展示结果
void DES::showResult(){
    int i;
    cout << "key = ";
    for(i = 0; i< 8; i++){
        cout << (char) ((key>>(7-i) * 8)&0xFF);
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "plainText = ";
    for (i = 0; i< 8; i++){
        cout << (char) ((plainText >> (7-i) * 8)& 0xFF);
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "cipherText = ";
    for (i = 0; i< 8; i++){
        cout << (char) ((cipherText>>(7-i) *8)&0xFF);
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "decipherText = ";
    for (i = 0; i< 8; i++){
        cout << (char)((decipherText>>(7-i)*8)&0xFF);
    }
    cout << endl;
}
/// main
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    DES des;
    des.setKey("01234567");
	des.setPlainText("76543210");
	des.genEncKey();
	des.encryption();
	des.decryption();
    des.showResult();
	return 0;
}

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