常用的积分公式
- ∫ 1 x d x = ln ∣ x ∣ + C \int \frac 1x dx = \ln|x| + C ∫x1dx=ln∣x∣+C
- ∫ e x d x = e x + C \int e^x dx = e^x + C ∫exdx=ex+C
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\int x^ \mu dx = \frac1{\mu + 1} x^{ \mu + 1} + C \; (\mu \not= -1)
∫xμdx=μ+11xμ+1+C(μ̸=−1)
\qquad (这个公式特点是:指数加1,作指数和分母) - ∫ sin x d x = − cos x + C \int \sin x dx = -\cos x + C ∫sinxdx=−cosx+C
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\int \cos x dx = \sin x + C
∫cosxdx=sinx+C
\qquad (这两个公式特点是:正弦余弦互换) - ∫ tan x d x = − ln ∣ cos x ∣ + C \int \tan xdx = - \ln | \cos x | + C ∫tanxdx=−ln∣cosx∣+C
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\int \cot xdx = \ln | \sin x | + C
∫cotxdx=ln∣sinx∣+C
\qquad (这两个公式的特点是:正变余,切变弦) - ∫ sec x d x = ln ∣ sec x + tan x ∣ + C \int \sec xdx = \ln | \sec x + \tan x | + C ∫secxdx=ln∣secx+tanx∣+C
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\int \csc xdx = \ln | \csc x - \cot x | + C
∫cscxdx=ln∣cscx−cotx∣+C
\qquad (这两个公式的特点是:前后都有相同的函数名,且第二个函数名如正切与正割的关系是同正,割变切。) - ∫ sec 2 x d x = tan x + C \int \sec^2 x dx = \tan x + C ∫sec2xdx=tanx+C
- ∫ sec x tan x d x = sec x + C \int \sec x \tan xdx = \sec x + C ∫secxtanxdx=secx+C
- ∫ csc 2 x d x = − cot x + C \int\csc^2xdx = - \cot x+ C ∫csc2xdx=−cotx+C
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\int \csc x \cot xdx = - \csc x + C
∫cscxcotxdx=−cscx+C
\qquad (这四个公式的特点是:分为两个一组时,两个的前面的形式很相似,但是又有所不同) - ∫ 1 1 − x 2 = arcsin x + C = − arccos x + C \int \frac1{ \sqrt{ 1-x^ 2} } = \arcsin x + C = - \arccos x + C ∫1−x21=arcsinx+C=−arccosx+C
- ∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = arcsin x a + C \int \frac 1{ \sqrt {a^2 - x^2 } } dx = \arcsin \frac xa + C ∫a2−x21dx=arcsinax+C
- ∫ 1 1 + x 2 = a r c t a n    x + C = − a r c c o t    x + C \int \frac1{1+x^2} = arctan \; x + C = - arccot \; x + C ∫1+x21=arctanx+C=−arccotx+C
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\int \frac 1{ a^2 + x^2} dx = {\frac 1a} \arctan { \frac xa } + C
∫a2+x21dx=a1arctanax+C
\qquad (这四个公式的特点是:得到的结果都有反函数,且分为两个一组时,后者是前者的更一般情况) - ∫ 1 x 2 − a 2 d x = 1 2 a ln ∣ x − a x + a ∣ + C \int \frac 1{ x^2 - a^2} dx = \frac 1{2a} \ln \left| \frac {x - a }{x + a} \right | + C ∫x2−a21dx=2a1ln∣∣∣∣x+ax−a∣∣∣∣+C
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\int \frac 1{a^2 - x^2} dx = \frac 1{2a} \ln \left | \frac {x + a }{x - a } \right | + C
∫a2−x21dx=2a1ln∣∣∣∣x−ax+a∣∣∣∣+C
\qquad (这两个公式的特点是: ∫ 1 x 2 − a 2 d x = − ∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = − 1 2 a ln ∣ x − a x + a ∣ + C = 1 2 a ln ∣ x − a x + a ∣ − 1 + C = 1 2 a ln ∣ x + a x − a ∣ + C \int \frac 1{ x^2 - a^2} dx = -\int \frac 1{a^2 - x^2} dx = -\frac 1{2a} \ln \left| \frac {x - a }{x + a} \right | + C = \frac 1{2a} \ln \left| \frac {x - a }{x + a} \right |^{-1} + C = \frac 1{2a} \ln \left | \frac {x + a }{x - a } \right | + C ∫x2−a21dx=−∫a2−x21dx=−2a1ln∣∣∣∣x+ax−a∣∣∣∣+C=2a1ln∣∣∣∣x+ax−a∣∣∣∣−1+C=2a1ln∣∣∣∣x−ax+a∣∣∣∣+C) -
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\int \frac 1{ \sqrt {a^2 \pm x^2}} dx = \ln \left | x + \sqrt { x^2 \pm a^2 } \right | + C
∫a2±x21dx=ln∣∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣∣+C
\qquad (这个公式的特点是:前后根号里的数的位置相反,正负号的影响只在根号里)
前后异号的公式
- ∫ sin x d x = − cos x + C \int \sin x dx = -\cos x + C ∫sinxdx=−cosx+C
- ∫ tan x d x = − ln ∣ cos x ∣ + C \int \tan xdx = - \ln | \cos x | + C ∫tanxdx=−ln∣cosx∣+C
- ∫ csc 2 x d x = − cot x + C \int\csc^2xdx = - \cot x + C ∫csc2xdx=−cotx+C
- ∫ csc x cot x d x = − csc x + C \int \csc x \cot xdx = - \csc x + C ∫cscxcotxdx=−cscx+C
- ∫ 1 1 − x 2 = arcsin x + C = − arccos x + C \int \frac1{ \sqrt{ 1-x^ 2} } = \arcsin x + C = - \arccos x + C ∫1−x21=arcsinx+C=−arccosx+C
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\int \frac1{1+x^2} = arctan \; x + C = - arccot \; x + C
∫1+x21=arctanx+C=−arccotx+C
总结:答案出现余弦,余切,余割,一般都要改正负号
口诀:遇余则反