常用求极限的方法
1. 两个重要的极限
(1).
lim
x
→
0
sin
x
x
=
1
\lim\limits_ { x \rightarrow 0} \frac {\sin x }x = 1
x→0limxsinx=1
(2).
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
=
lim
x
→
0
(
1
+
x
)
1
n
=
e
\lim\limits_ { x \rightarrow \infty } {( 1+ \frac 1x )} ^x = \lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0 } {( 1 + x )}^{\frac 1n} = e
x→∞lim(1+x1)x=x→0lim(1+x)n1=e
例子:求极限
lim
x
→
∞
(
x
+
1
x
−
1
)
x
\displaystyle\lim\limits_{ x \rightarrow \infty }{ \left ( \frac {x+1} {x-1} \right ) }^x
x→∞lim(x−1x+1)x
解: lim x → ∞ ( x + 1 x − 1 ) x = lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 2 x − 1 ) x = lim x → ∞ [ ( 1 + 1 x − 1 2 ) x − 1 2 ( 1 + 2 x − 1 ) 1 2 ] 2 = e 2 \lim\limits_{ x \rightarrow \infty }{\displaystyle \left ( \frac {x+1} {x-1} \right ) }^x \\ = \lim\limits_{x \rightarrow \infty } {\displaystyle \left ( 1 + \frac 2 {x-1} \right )^x }\\ = \lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow \infty } { \left [ \left ( 1 + \displaystyle\frac 1{\displaystyle\frac {x-1} 2 } \left ) ^ {\displaystyle\frac {x-1} 2} \right (1 + \frac 2 {x-1} \right ) ^{\displaystyle\frac 12} \right ]^2 }\\ = \displaystyle e^2 x→∞lim(x−1x+1)x=x→∞lim(1+x−12)x=x→∞lim⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡⎝⎜⎛1+2x−11⎠⎞2x−1⎝⎛1+x−12⎠⎟⎞21⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤2=e2
2. 等价无穷小
当
x
→
0
x \rightarrow 0
x→0 时,
sin
x
\sin x
sinx ~ x
tan
x
\tan x
tanx ~
x
ln
(
x
+
1
)
x \ln (x + 1)
xln(x+1)
a
x
a^x
ax - 1 ~
x
ln
a
x \ln a
xlna
(
1
+
b
x
)
a
−
1
( 1+ bx )^ a - 1
(1+bx)a−1 ~
a
b
x
abx
abx
x
−
sin
x
x - \sin x
x−sinx ~
x
3
6
\displaystyle\frac {x^3 }6
6x3
tan
x
−
x
\tan x - x
tanx−x ~
x
3
3
\displaystyle\frac {x^3 }3
3x3
tan
x
−
sin
x
\tan x - \sin x
tanx−sinx ~
x
3
2
\displaystyle\frac {x ^3}2
2x3
注意:等价无穷小一般只在乘除中使用
(隐藏boss):加减中可以整体替换,但不能单独替换。
前提条件:
lim
α
′
β
′
̸
=
−
1
\displaystyle\lim \frac{\alpha '}{\beta '} \not= -1
limβ′α′̸=−1
\quad
则
α
+
β
\alpha + \beta
α+β ~
α
′
+
β
′
\alpha '+ \beta '
α′+β′
即替换后的结果没有抵消
例子:求
lim
x
→
0
tan
x
+
sin
x
3
x
\displaystyle\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac {\tan x + \sin x} {3x}
x→0lim3xtanx+sinx
解:
lim
x
→
0
tan
x
+
sin
x
3
x
=
lim
x
→
0
x
+
x
3
x
=
2
3
\displaystyle\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac {\tan x + \sin x} {3x}\\ = \lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0 } \frac { x + x} {3x}\\ = \frac 23
x→0lim3xtanx+sinx=x→0lim3xx+x=32
这里把
tan
x
+
sin
x
\tan x + \sin x
tanx+sinx替换成
x
+
x
x + x
x+x后,得到
2
x
2x
2x,此时结果没有抵消,可以使用。
例子:求
lim
x
→
0
tan
x
−
sin
x
3
x
\displaystyle\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac {\tan x - \sin x} {3x}
x→0lim3xtanx−sinx
解:
lim
x
→
0
tan
x
−
sin
x
3
x
=
lim
x
→
0
x
3
2
3
x
=
0
\displaystyle\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac {\tan x - \sin x} {3x}\\ = \displaystyle\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac {\displaystyle\frac {x^3} 2} {3x}\\ = 0
x→0lim3xtanx−sinx=x→0lim3x2x3=0
如果这里把
tan
x
−
sin
x
\tan x - \sin x
tanx−sinx替换成
x
−
x
x - x
x−x后,式子抵消,得到 0 的结果,所以不能替换。
3.利用夹逼性定理求极限
例子:求
(
1
+
n
n
2
(\displaystyle\frac {1+n}{n^2}
(n21+n) 的极限
1
n
<
1
+
n
n
2
≤
2
n
n
2
=
2
n
\frac 1n < \frac {1+n} {n^2} \leq \frac {2n} {n^2} = \frac2n
n1<n21+n≤n22n=n2
而
1
n
→
0
,
2
n
→
0
,
由
夹
逼
准
则
得
而\frac 1n \rightarrow 0, \frac 2n \rightarrow 0,由夹逼准则得
而n1→0,n2→0,由夹逼准则得
lim
n
→
n
2
1
+
n
n
2
=
0
\lim\limits_ {n \rightarrow n^2} \frac{1+n } {n^2}= 0
n→n2limn21+n=0