C语言学习 -- 指针

一、指针

1.指针概念

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
	printf("%d\n", sizeof(int *));     //所有指针类型都占4个字节
	printf("%d\n", sizeof(char *));
	printf("%d\n", sizeof(double *));

	int a = 1;
	int *p = &a;    //指针p指向a

	*p = 100;       //a = 100;  *取值
	printf("a = %d\n", a);

	char ch = 'a';
	char *q = &ch;
	*q = 'b';
	printf("%c\n", ch);

	//p = &ch;   //类型不兼容

	printf("p的地址：%p\n", p);
	printf("q的地址：%p\n", q);

	printf("p+1的地址：%p\n", p + 1);
	printf("q+1的地址：%p\n", q + 1); //char *和int *步长不一样，char *加1，地址增加1个字节，int *加1，地址增加4字节

	return 0;
}

2.strcpy

#include <stdio.h>

void mystrcpy(char *dest, char *src)
{
	/*while (*src != '\0')
	{
		*dest = *src;
		src++;
		dest++;
	}*/

	while ((*dest++ = *src++) != '\0');  //1、取值 2、赋值 3、判断 4、移动指针
}

int main()
{
	char a[32] = "12345";
	char str[32] = "helloworld";
	char ptr[32] = {0};

	mystrcpy(ptr, str);
	printf("%s\n", ptr);

	mystrcpy(str, a);
	printf("%s\n", str);

	return 0;
}

3.指针使用步骤

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
	int *p;      //1、定义指针
	//p = 0x100;   //段错误：访问了不能访问的内存 不能自己指定地址
	//*p = 1;

	int a;         //操作系统分配的空间，合法的
	p = &a;        //2、给指针赋值 地址合法
	*p = 1;

	int *q;        //q是局部变量，未初始化的局部变量是垃圾值  野指针 不能使用
	//*q = 100;

	int *z = NULL; //空指针 空指针也是不能使用
	//*z = 100;    //段错误

	int *pa = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * 2);    //申请空间（堆空间）	malloc返回值是void * 所以需要强转
	if (NULL == pa)   //申请失败，返回NULL
	{
		printf("malloc failure!\n");
	}

	*pa = 100;
	*(pa + 1) = 200;

	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
	{
		printf("%d ", pa[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");

	return 0;
}

4.指针和数组

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
	int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
	int *p = a;                 //赋值合法
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]); i++)
	{
		//printf("%d ", a[i]);        //下标法访问数组元素
		//printf("%d ", *(p + i));      //指针法访问数组元素
		printf("%d ", *(a + i));
	}
	printf("\n");

	char *ptr = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * 32);
	strcpy(ptr, "helloworld");
	//printf("%s\n", ptr);
	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
	{
		printf("%c", ptr[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");

	return 0;
}

5.字符串插入

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#if 0
int main()
{
	char str[32] = {0};
	int num, i;
	char ch;

	printf("Please input...\n");
	scanf("%s%d %c", str, &num, &ch);

	int length = strlen(str);

	for (i = 0; i < length - num + 1; i++)
	{
		str[length - i] = str[length - 1 - i];
	}

	str[num - 1] = ch;

	printf("%s\n", str);

	return 0;
}
#endif

int main()
{
	char *ptr = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * 32);
	int num, i;
	char ch;

	scanf("%s%d %c", ptr, &num, &ch);

	int length = strlen(ptr);

	for (i = 0; i < length - num + 1; i++)
	{
		*(ptr + length - i) = *(ptr + length - 1 - i);
	}
	*(ptr + num - 1) = ch;

	printf("%s\n", ptr);

	return 0;
}

6.指针数组

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
	int a[10];
	char *str[] = {"hello", "world"};
	printf("%s\n", *str);
	printf("%s\n", *(str + 1));

	printf("%s\n", str[0]);
	printf("%s\n", str[1]);

	return 0;
}