实分析作业-第五周

1. 有$\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}\in {\mathbb{C}}^n$，定义$⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩=\sum _{k=1}^n{x}_k{\overline{y}}_k,||\mathbf{X}||=\sqrt{⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}⟩}$，证明:$$|⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩|\le ||\mathbf{X}||\cdot ||\mathbf{Y}||$$
   证明：$$\begin{array}{rl}& 设x_k=a_k{e}^{i{\alpha }_k},y_k=b_k{e}^{i{\beta }_k}\\ & 则原式化为|\sum _{k=1}^n{a}_k{b}_k{e}^{i({\alpha }_k-{\beta }_k)}{|}^2\le |\sum _{k=1}^n{a}_k^2||\sum _{k=1}^n{b}_k^2|\\ & (\sum _{k=1}^n{a}_k{b}_k{)}^2\le (\sum _{k=1}^n{a}_k^2)(\sum _{k=1}^n{b}_k^2)\\ & 由实数上的柯西-施瓦茨不等式可证。\end{array}$$
2. 证明：若$f:[0,2\pi ]\mapsto \mathbb{R}$是可积函数，且$\hat{f}(n)=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{2\pi }f(x)e^{-inx}dx,||f|{|}^2=\frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{2\pi }|f(x){|}^{2}dx$，则有$||f|{|}^2=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{+\infty }|\hat{f}(n){|}^2$
   证明：$$\begin{array}{rl}可知f(x)=& \sum _{n=-\infty }^{+\infty }\hat{f}(n)e^{inx}\\ 故||f|{|}^2=& \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{2\pi }|\sum _{n=-\infty }^{+\infty }\hat{f}(n)e^{inx}{|}^{2}dx\\ =& \frac{1}{4{\pi }^2}{\int }_0^{2\pi }\sum _{n=-\infty }^{+\infty }|{\int }_0^{2\pi }f(y)e^{-iny}dy{e}^{inx}{|}^{2}dx\\ =& \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{2\pi }\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }|(D_n\ast f)(x){|}^{2}dx\\ =& \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{2\pi }|\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }(D_n\ast f)(x){|}^{2}dx\\ =& \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_0^{2\pi }|f(x){|}^{2}dx\\ & \\ & \sum _{n=-\infty }^{+\infty }|\hat{f}(n){|}^2\\ =& (\frac{1}{2\pi }{)}^2\sum _{n=-\infty }^{+\infty }|{\int }_0^{2\pi }f(x)e^{-inx}dx{|}^2\end{array}$$
3. 证明：若$⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}⟩=||\mathbf{X}|{|}^2$，且$⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩=\overline{⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩}$，则有：$$4⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩=||\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y}|{|}^2-||\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{Y}|{|}^2+i(||\mathbf{X}+i\mathbf{Y}|{|}^2-||\mathbf{X}-i\mathbf{Y}|{|}^2)$$
   证明：$$\begin{array}{rl}等式左边实部=& ⟨\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y}⟩-⟨\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{Y}⟩\\ =& ⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y}⟩+⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y}⟩-(⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{Y}⟩-⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{Y}⟩)\\ =& \overline{⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩}+\overline{⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}⟩}+\overline{⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩}+\overline{⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{Y}⟩}\\ & -(\overline{⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{X}⟩}-\overline{⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩}-\overline{⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩}+\overline{⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{Y}⟩})\\ =& 2⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩+2⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩\\ 虚部=& ⟨\mathbf{X}+i\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}+i\mathbf{Y}⟩-⟨\mathbf{X}-i\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}-i\mathbf{Y}⟩\\ =& 2⟨\mathbf{X},i\mathbf{Y}⟩+2⟨i\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩\\ =& 2\overline{⟨i\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩}+2i⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩\\ =& -2i⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩+2i⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩\\ \therefore 等式左边=& 2⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩+2⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩+i(-2i⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩+2i⟨\mathbf{Y},\mathbf{X}⟩)\\ =& 4⟨\mathbf{X},\mathbf{Y}⟩\end{array}$$