东北大学软件项目管理与过程改进bb平台期末复习题整理(Part Two)

东北大学软件项目管理与过程改进bb平台期末复习题整理(Part One)
东北大学软件项目管理与过程改进bb平台期末复习题整理(Part Two)
东北大学软件项目管理与过程改进bb平台期末复习题整理(Part Three)
东北大学软件项目管理与过程改进bb平台期末复习题整理(Part Four)

1. Which goal distinguishes project management and portfolio management?

	a.	Portfolio management asks questions like, “Are we carrying out projects efficiently?” whereas project management asks questions such as “Are we investing in the right areas?”
*	b.	Project management addresses specific, short-term goals whereas portfolio management focuses on long-term goals.
	c.	Portfolio management is an easy task whereas project management is a more difficult task.
	d.	Project management involves making wise investment decisions whereas portfolio management does not.

2. _____ costing considers the total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a project. # Life cycle costing

   生命周期成本是对贯穿于整个项目生命周期的成本状况的总体认识。

   对于一个项目而言，生命周期成本考虑的是一个项目的总拥有成本，即开发成本加上维护成本。

3. A(n) _____ Gantt chart compares planned and actual project schedule information. # tracking

4. Newtech Inc. hires John for the position of a software programmer to work on their new project. Salary paid to John by Newtech Inc. would be an example of which type of costs?

	a.	sunk
	b.	indirect
*	c.	direct
	d.	intangible

5. The _____ life cycle model is used when risk must be tightly controlled and when changes must be restricted after the requirements are defined. # waterfall
6. What is one of the main outputs of the initiation process?

	a.	identifying the project sponsor
	b.	creating the work breakdown structure
	c.	selecting the project manager
*	d.	developing the project charter

7. What processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase?

*	a.	Initiating
	b.	Planning
	c.	Executing
	d.	Monitoring and controlling

8. High-end tools are generally licensed on a(n) _____ basis. # per-user >p26

9. Analogous estimates are called activity-based costing. (F)

   Analogous estimates(top-down estimates)

   基于活动成本法(bottom-up estimates)

10. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework is incompatible with the PMBOK process. (F)

11. Which is true about the agile method?

*	a.	It uses several iterations or deliveries of software instead of waiting until the end of the project to provide a product.
	b.	It is used when a project team wants to provide a potentially shippable product earlier rather than later.
	c.	It is often used when a project team can express the scope early in the product life cycle.
	d.	It is used when project teams want to use the predicative approach to a project.

12. The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses. (T)
13. The project management plan is the output of which project planning process?

*	a.	integration management
	b.	quality management
	c.	procurement management
	d.	scope management

14. The introduction of new software makes basic tools, such as Gantt charts and network diagrams, inexpensive and easy to create. (T)
15. In which development life cycle do stakeholders define and approve the detailed scope before the start on an iteration?

	a.	Hybrid
	b.	Iterative
	c.	Incremental
*	d.	Adaptive

16. Describe critical path analysis. How is the critical path calculated?

    Critical path analysis is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration. This important tool can help combat project schedule overruns. A critical path for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed. It is the longest path through the network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float. To find the critical path for a project, one must first develop a good network diagram, which, in turn, requires a good activity list based on the work breakdown structure. Once a network diagram is created, one must also estimate the duration of each activity to determine the critical path. Calculating the critical path involves adding the durations for all activities on each path through the network diagram. The longest path is the critical path.

17. A drawback of the project management software is that it does not have the capacity to calculate the critical path(s) for a project. (F)

18. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle?

	a.	More resources are usually needed during the initial phases of a project than during the middle or final phases.
*	b.	In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.
	c.	It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases than the latter phases.
	d.	In the later phases of the project life cycle, the level of uncertainty is usually the highest.

19. List and describe the five process management groups.

    Initiating processes include defining and authorizing a project or project phase. Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project. Therefore, you cannot equate process groups with project phases. Recall that there can be different project phases, but all projects will include all five process groups. For example, project managers and teams should reexamine the business need for the project during every phase of the project life cycle to determine if the project is worth continuing. Initiating processes are also required to end a project. Someone must initiate activities to ensure that the project team completes all the work, documents lessons learned, assigns project resources, and that the customer accepts the work.

    Planning processes include devising and maintaining a workable scheme to ensure that the project addresses the organization’s needs. There are several plans for projects, such as the scope management plan, schedule management plan, cost management plan, procurement management plan, and so on, defining each knowledge area as it relates to the project at that point in time. For example, a project team must develop a plan to define the work that needs to be done for the project, to schedule activities related to that work, to estimate costs for performing the work, to decide what resources to procure to accomplish the work, and so on. To account for changing conditions on the project and in the organization, project teams often revise plans during each phase of the project life cycle.

    Executing processes include coordinating people and other resources to carry out the various plans and produce the products, services, or results of the project or phase. Examples of executing processes include acquiring and developing the project team, performing quality assurance, distributing information, managing stakeholder expectations, and conducting procurements.

    Monitoring and controlling processes include regularly measuring and monitoring progress to ensure that the project team meets the project objectives. The project manager and staff monitor and measure progress against the plans and take corrective action when necessary. A common monitoring and controlling process is reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.

    Closing processes include formalizing acceptance of the project or project phase and ending it efficiently. Administrative activities are often involved in this process group, such as archiving project files, closing out contracts, documenting lessons learned, and receiving formal acceptance of the delivered work as part of the phase or project.

20. The best way to sustain a project is to withhold(决绝给予) the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project. (F)

21. IT project managers must be able to present and discuss project information both in financial and technical terms. (T)

22. Which is a similarity between the crashing and fast tracking?

	a.	both spread out tasks over a long period of time to ensure the quality of work is maintained
	b.	both invariably result in increases in total project costs
*	c.	both can shorten the time needed to finish a project
	d.	both are network diagramming techniques used primarily to predict total project duration

23. What are tangible and intangible costs? Distinguish between direct and indirect costs and give examples of each.

    Tangible and intangible costs and benefits are categories for determining how well an organization can define the estimated costs and benefits for a project. Tangible costs or benefits are those costs or benefits that an organization can easily measure in dollars. Conversely, intangible costs or benefits are costs or benefits that are difficult to measure in monetary terms. Intangible benefits for projects often include items like goodwill, prestige, and general statements of improved productivity that an organization cannot easily translate into dollar amounts. Because intangible costs and benefits are difficult to quantify, they are often harder to justify.

    Direct costs are costs that can be directly related to producing the products and services of the project. One can attribute direct costs directly to a certain project. Project managers should focus on direct costs, since they can control them. For example, direct costs include the salaries of people working full time on the project and the cost of hardware and software purchased specifically for the project. Indirect costs are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project. For example, the cost of electricity, paper towels, and so on in a large building housing a thousand employees who work on many projects would be indirect costs. Indirect costs are allocated to projects, and project managers have very little control over them.

24. In project schedule management, what is the next step after defining project activities?

	a.	estimating activity duration
	b.	controlling the schedule
	c.	planning schedule management
*	d.	determining their dependencies

25. Duration estimates can be provided as a discrete number, a range, or as a(n) _____. # three-point estimate

26. The project management plan and project funding requirements(项目资金需求) are inputs of the process of controlling costs. (T)

27. Sprint planning is part of the basic ______. # Scrum framework

28. Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization. (T)

29. If cost variance is a positive number, it means that performing the work costs more than planned. (F) > p207

30. In a(n) _____ relationship, the “from” activity must start before the “to” activity can be finished. # start-to-finish

31. List and briefly describe the main processes involved in project schedule management.

    Planning schedule management.

    Defining activities

    sequencing activities

    estimating activity duration

    developing the schedule

    controlling the schedule

    > p162

32. Which technique is used for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost?

*	a.	crashing(赶工)
	b.	critical chain scheduling
	c.	feeding buffers
	d.	dependency

33. A negative schedule variance means that it took less time than planned to perform the work. (F)
34. If an important supplier goes out of business, management reserves(管理储备金) can be set aside to cover the resulting costs. (T)
35. _____ is a project management methodology that defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these into eight process groups. # PRINCE2 or PRojects IN Controlled Environments
36. Which process involves allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance? > Chapter 7 7.1.2

	a.	finalizing policies for project costs
	b.	estimating costs
*	c.	determining the budget
	d.	controlling costs

37. A(n) _____ for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed. # critical path
38. Which approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items?

*	a.	top-down
	b.	analogy
	c.	bottom-up
	d.	mind mapping

39. Earned value management is a tool primarily used in resource management. (F)
40. Which statement is true of analogous estimates?

	a.	They are the only technique which do not require expert judgement.
	b.	Their main disadvantage is that they cost more than other techniques.
*	c.	They are most reliable when previous projects are similar in fact with current projects.
	d.	They use project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.

41. Fast tracking is an example of a tool used in _____ management.

	a.	risk
	b.	communication
	c.	quality
*	d.	schedule

42. The primary output of the planning cost management process is a change request. (F)
43. Analogous estimates are the most accurate technique to estimate costs. (F)
44. Start-to-finish relationships are the most frequently used dependencies between activities.(F)
45. “What is the project’s budget?” This is an example of a project’s _____ constraint. # cost
46. Reporting performance, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track, is a common part of which process?

	a.	closing
	b.	executing
*	c.	monitoring and controlling
	d.	planning

47. What is a work breakdown structure?

    - It is representative of work as an activity and this work has a tangible result (deliverable).

    - It is a project management technique or tool for defining and organizing the scope of a project.

    - It is arranged with a hierarchical structure.

48. Until the 1980s, project management primarily focused on providing _____ and resource data to top management in the military, computer, and construction industries. # schedule

49. What is a systems development life cycle? What are some of the predictive models associated with the systems development life cycle?

    A systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems. Some popular models of a systems development life cycle include the waterfall model, the spiral model, the incremental build model, the prototyping model, and the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. These life cycle models are examples of a predictive life cycle, meaning that the scope of the project can be clearly articulated and the schedule and cost can be accurately predicted.

50. A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item. # WBS dictionary

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Source:
NEU blackboard
quizlet.com