面向对象设计模式之单一职责原则(SRP)

一、SRP 基本介绍

• Single Responsibility Principle(SRP)，单一职责原则

  • There should never be more than one reason for a class to change.(对于一个类来说，应该有且仅有一个原因使它变更)
  • A responsibility is a reason for a class to change，so a class should have single respinsibility to avoid the case that multi-reasons lead to the change of a class.(对于一个类来说，一个职责就是它变更的原因，所以一个类应该具有单一职责来避免多原因导致一个类变更的情况)

• 单一职责原则与内聚性

  • 内聚性(Cohesion)，Conesion refers to the degree to which the elements inside a module belong together，内聚指的是一个模块的元素属于一个整体(单一职责)的程度。
  • Single Responsibility = Increased Cohesion (内聚)
  • Multiple Responsibilities = Increased Coupling (耦合)
    • Harmful for reusing
    • Changing one responsibility will effect the others(职责依赖), the class is friable(脆的) for changes

• SRP 是一个简单的、指导性的原则，但在实践上很难满足

  • 在抽象方面，正确的抽象是 SRP 的关键问题；
  • 在实现方面，移动代码(职责)到另一个类(for single responsibility)，然后通过调用使用

二、一个不太恰当的例子-Modem

1. 初始设计

接口

---

public interface IModem{
	public void dial(String sno);
	public void hangUp();
	public void send(String str);
	public void recv();
}

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实现类

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public class Modem{
	public void dial(String sno){
		// method body
	}
	public void hangUp(){
		// method body
	}
	public void send(String str){
		// method body
	}
	public void recv(){
		// method body
	}
}

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• Modem 的两个职责
  • 连接管理：dial and hangUp
  • 交流信息：send and recv
• Modem 两个职责是否应该分开取决于它们是否一起改变

2. 变更设计：抽象方面(abstract aspect)

接口

---

Connector 接口

public interface IConnector{
	public void dial(String sno);
	public void hangUp();
}

DataChannel 接口

public interface IDataChannel{
	public void send(String str);
	public void recv();
}

---

实现类

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public class Connector{
	public void dial(String sno){
		// method body
	}
	public void hangUp(){
		// method body
	}
}

public class DataChannel{
	public void send(String str){
		// method body
	}
	public void recv(){
		// method body
	}
}

public class Modem{
	private DataChannel dataChannel;
	private Connector connector;

	public Modem(DataChannel dataChannel, Connector connector){
		this.dataChannel = dataChannel;
		this.connector = connector;
	}
}

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Reference：Software Architecture and Design Patterns Class(sk) of NEU Software College