EBO(元素缓冲对象)
素缓冲对象(Element Buffer Object，EBO)，也叫索引缓冲对象(Index Buffer Object，IBO)。要解释元素缓冲对象的工作方式最好还是举个例子：假设我们不再绘制一个三角形而是绘制一个矩形。我们可以绘制两个三角形来组成一个矩形（OpenGL主要处理三角形）。这会生成下面的顶点的集合：
float vertices[] = {
// 第一个三角形
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, // 右上角
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 右下角
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, // 左上角
// 第二个三角形
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 右下角
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 左下角
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f // 左上角
};
可以看到，有几个顶点叠加了。我们指定了右下角和左上角两次！一个矩形只有4个而不是6个顶点，这样就产生50%的额外开销。当我们有包括上千个三角形的模型之后这个问题会更糟糕，这会产生一大堆浪费。更好的解决方案是只储存不同的顶点，并设定绘制这些顶点的顺序。这样子我们只要储存4个顶点就能绘制矩形了，之后只要指定绘制的顺序就行了。如果OpenGL提供这个功能就好了，对吧？
值得庆幸的是，元素缓冲区对象的工作方式正是如此。 EBO是一个缓冲区，就像一个顶点缓冲区对象一样，它存储 OpenGL 用来决定要绘制哪些顶点的索引。这种所谓的索引绘制(Indexed Drawing)正是我们问题的解决方案。首先，我们先要定义（不重复的）顶点，和绘制出矩形所需的索引：
float vertices[] = {
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, // 右上角
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 右下角
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 左下角
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f // 左上角
};
unsigned int indices[] = {
// 注意索引从0开始!
// 此例的索引(0,1,2,3)就是顶点数组vertices的下标，
// 这样可以由下标代表顶点组合成矩形
0, 1, 3, // 第一个三角形
1, 2, 3 // 第二个三角形
};
创建元素缓冲对象
与VBO类似，我们先绑定EBO然后用glBufferData把索引复制到缓冲里。同样，和VBO类似，我们会把这些函数调用放在绑定和解绑函数调用之间，只不过这次我们把缓冲的类型定义为GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER。
unsigned int EBO;
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
注意：我们传递了GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER当作缓冲目标。最后一件要做的事是用glDrawElements来替换glDrawArrays函数，表示我们要从索引缓冲区渲染三角形。使用glDrawElements时，我们会使用当前绑定的索引缓冲对象中的索引进行绘制：
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
下面是绘制两个三角形的代码：
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
float vertices[] = {
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, // 右上
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 右下
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 左下
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f // 左上
};
unsigned int indices[] = { // 注意，我们从零开始算!
0, 1, 3, // 第一个三角形
1, 2, 3 // 第二个三角形
};
const char* vertexShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\n"
"}\0";
const char* fragmentShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.2f, 1.0f);\n"
"}\n\0";
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
int main()
{
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 600, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL) {
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
//GLFW将窗口的上下文设置为当前线程的上下文
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
//GLAD
// glad: 加载所有OpenGL函数指针
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
// 创建和编译着色器程序
//顶点着色器
unsigned int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
// 检查编译错误
int success;
char infoLog[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// 片段着色器
unsigned int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
// 检查编译错误
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
//着色器程序
unsigned int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
//链接错误检查
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
//创建VBO和VAO对象，并赋予ID
unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
//绑定VBO和VAO对象
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
//为当前绑定到target的缓冲区对象创建一个新的数据存储。
//如果data不是NULL，则使用来自此指针的数据初始化数据存储
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
//告知Shader如何解析缓冲里的属性值
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
//开启VAO管理的第一个属性值
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices),indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
// 渲染循环
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f); //状态设置
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //状态使用
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
//glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
// glfw: 交换缓冲区和轮询IO事件（按键按下/释放、鼠标移动等）
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// glfw: 回收前面分配的GLFW先关资源.
glfwTerminate();
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);
glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);
return 0;
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
线框模式
线框模式(Wireframe Mode)
要想用线框模式绘制你的三角形，你可以通过glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE)函数配置OpenGL如何绘制图元。第一个参数表示我们打算将其应用到所有的三角形的正面和背面，第二个参数告诉我们用线来绘制。之后的绘制调用会一直以线框模式绘制三角形，直到我们用glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL)将其设置回默认模式。
创建两个相邻不同颜色的三角形
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
float firstTriangle[] = {
-0.9f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // left
-0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // right
-0.45f, 0.5f, 0.0f, // top
};
float secondTriangle[] = {
0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // left
0.9f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // right
0.45f, 0.5f, 0.0f // top
};
unsigned int indices[] = { // 注意，我们从零开始算!
0, 1, 3, // 第一个三角形
1, 2, 3 // 第二个三角形
};
const char* vertexShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);\n"
"}\0";
const char* fragmentShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.2f, 1.0f);\n"
"}\n\0";
const char* fragmentShader2Source = "#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);\n"
"}\n\0";
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
int main()
{
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 600, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL) {
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
//GLFW将窗口的上下文设置为当前线程的上下文
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
//注册回调函数
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
//GLAD
// glad: 加载所有OpenGL函数指针
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
// 创建和编译着色器程序
//顶点着色器
unsigned int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
// 检查编译错误
int success;
char infoLog[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// 片段着色器
unsigned int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
// 检查编译错误
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
//着色器程序
unsigned int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
//链接错误检查
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// 片段着色器
unsigned int fragmentShader2 = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader2, 1, &fragmentShader2Source, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader2);
// 检查编译错误
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader2, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader2, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
//着色器程序
unsigned int shaderProgram2 = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram2, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram2, fragmentShader2);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram2);
//链接错误检查
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram2, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram2, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader2);
unsigned int VBOs[2], VAOs[2];
// 一次创建多个对象
glGenVertexArrays(2, VAOs);
glGenBuffers(2, VBOs);
{
//绑定VBO和VAO对象
glBindVertexArray(VAOs[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[0]);
//为当前绑定到target的缓冲区对象创建一个新的数据存储。
//如果data不是NULL，则使用来自此指针的数据初始化数据存储
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(firstTriangle), firstTriangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
//告知Shader如何解析缓冲里的属性值
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
//开启VAO管理的第一个属性值
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
}
{
//绑定VBO和VAO对象
glBindVertexArray(VAOs[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[1]);
//为当前绑定到target的缓冲区对象创建一个新的数据存储。
//如果data不是NULL，则使用来自此指针的数据初始化数据存储
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(secondTriangle), secondTriangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
//告知Shader如何解析缓冲里的属性值
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
//开启VAO管理的第一个属性值
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
}
unsigned int EBO;
{
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
}
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
// 渲染循环
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f); //状态设置
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //状态使用
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glBindVertexArray(VAOs[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glUseProgram(shaderProgram2);
glBindVertexArray(VAOs[1]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
// glfw: 交换缓冲区和轮询IO事件（按键按下/释放、鼠标移动等）
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// glfw: 回收前面分配的GLFW先关资源.
glfwTerminate();
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, VAOs);
glDeleteBuffers(1, VBOs);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);
glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);
return 0;
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
526
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
