Author| Rickyの水果摊
Time | 2022.9.11
Lecture 5: Transposes, permutations, spaces R n R^n Rn
Lecture Info
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Instructor: Prof. Gilbert Strang
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Course Number: 18.06
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Topics: Linear Algebra
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Official Lecture Resource: Resource Index of Linear Algebra
Excellent Notes on GitHub
There are some classic, excellent notes from other authors on GitHub, wihch I highly recommend you to star ⭐️ and read 📖
notes-linear-algebra (A systematic notes written in Chinese)
The-Art-of-Linear-Algebra (Focus on visualization of important concept of Linear Algebra)
Video Link
Lecture 5: Transposes, permutations, spaces R n R^n Rn (bilibili)
Lecture 5: Transposes, permutations, spaces R n R^n Rn (YouTube)
Key Points
- Transposes and symmetric matrix
- vector space
- subspaces
- column space - C ( A ) C(A) C(A)
Active Recall Questions
- If R R R is a rectangular matrix, then N = R T ∗ R N=R^T*R N=RT∗R must be a symmetric matrix. Why?
- What are the different types of vector space in general?
- What are the basic rules that a vector space have to follow?
- What are the properties that a vector in R n \mathbb{R}^n Rn have? (Hint: dimension of vectors & value type of each components)
- List all the possible subspaces of R n \mathbb{R}^n Rn
- What’s the differences between R 2 \mathbb{R}^{2} R2 and a subspace (plane) of R n \mathbb{R}^n Rn
- List the vector sets of l i n e 1 : y = x , l i n e 2 : y = − x + 1 line1:y=x,line2:y=-x+1 line1:y=x,line2:y=−x+1 in R 2 \mathbb{R}^2 R2 (lines go through the origin or not)
- What’s the differences between a line and a vector in R n \mathbb{R}^n Rn
- Why the subspaces of R n \mathbb{R}^n Rn like line/plane… have to go through the origin? (Hint: relate to Q7&Q8)
- Given matrix A m ∗ n A_{m*n} Am∗n, how to determine C ( A ) C(A) C(A) ? (Hint: definition of C ( A ) C(A) C(A))
- What’s the relationship between C ( A ) C(A) C(A) and R m , R n \mathbb{R}^m, \mathbb{R}^n Rm,Rn ?
Answer
- When talking about symmetry, the first thing need to pop out is A T = A A^T=A AT=A. We apply this formula to R T R R^TR RTR, ( R T R ) T = R T ( R T ) T = R T R (R^TR)^T=R^T(R^T)^T=R^TR (RTR)T=RT(RT)T=RTR. Hence, R T R R^TR RTR is symmetric.
- “vector” can be couple of things:
- vector space
- matrix space → M \mathbb{M} M
- function space → F \mathbb{F} F
- zero space → Z \mathbb{Z} Z
- If we take any 2 vectors from vector space S S S, then x 3 = c 1 x 1 + c 2 x 2 x_3=c_1x_1+c_2x_2 x3=c1x1+c2x2 ( c 1 , c 2 c_1,c_2 c1,c2 are scalars) is still in that space
- every vector in R n \mathbb {R}^n Rn has n n n components, and the value type of each components is real number (That’s where letter R come from)
- here are all the possibilities:
- zero vector with n components
- Any line / plane … through the origin
- R n \mathbb{R} ^n Rn
- The number of components each vector has is different
- here are the 2 vector set of lines in
R
2
\mathbb {R}^2
R2
- l i n e 1 : y = x → ( ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) , ( − 1 , − 1 ) ) , … line1:y=x \to ((0,0),(1,1),(-1,-1)),\dots line1:y=x→((0,0),(1,1),(−1,−1)),…
- l i n e 2 : y = − x + 1 → ( ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 0.5 , 0.5 ) ) line2:y=-x+1 \to ((0,1),(1,0),(0.5,0.5)) line2:y=−x+1→((0,1),(1,0),(0.5,0.5))
- a vector is formed by an arrow and a point, a line is formed by points of vectors
- here is the explanation:
- Take 2 vectors v 1 , v 2 v_1,v_2 v1,v2 in l i n e 2 : y = − x + 1 line2:y=-x+1 line2:y=−x+1, their linear combination v 3 = c 1 v 1 + c 2 v 2 v_3=c_1v_1+c_2v_2 v3=c1v1+c2v2 is not always in that vector set, and zero vector is also not in that space, so this line is not a subspace
- When it turns into l i n e 1 : y = x line1:y=x line1:y=x, the definition of subspace is satisfied, so does other lines that go through the origin. Therefore, we say that subspaces have to go through the origin
- We do elimination to A A A to get pivot columns, and span C ( A ) C(A) C(A) by those pivot columns
- C ( A ) C(A) C(A) is a subspace of R m \mathbb {R}^m Rm