LIO-SAM紧耦合imu阅读笔记

1.1 概述

        本文的书写参考了许多zzk大佬文章SLAM学习笔记（二十）LIO-SAM流程及代码详解（最全）以及知乎卢涛大佬的文章LIO-SAM源码解析(三)：IMUPreintegration，在二者的基础上对源代码进行了梳理，关于GTSAM图优化部分的理解基本都是在学习两位大佬的解释，有读到这篇文章并在imu紧耦合方面有志于学的读者可以多多参考两位的文章。

1.2 整体梳理

        整体梳理了一遍发现还是对图优化的部分云里雾里看不太明白，目前仅仅是对整体流程有了一点理解，这种main函数的书写方式也确实是令我耳目一新，主要起作用的部分是两个类TransformFusion类和ImuPreintegration类，前者的功能是利用高帧率的imu数据实现了对低帧率的雷达点云数据的修正，替代了一般意义上松耦合imu对雷达点云的线性外推与旋转补正功能，节约内存和计算时间，写的很好；后者的功能是整个LIO-SAM代码的精髓内容，这里引用卢涛大佬的说法，用激光里程计，两帧激光里程计之间的imu预计分量构建因子图，优化当前帧的状态（包括位姿、速度、偏置），以优化后的状态为基础，施加imu预计分量，得到每一时刻的imu里程计。这部分是mapOptmization的一个前馈修正，里面关于imu预积分和构建因子图的方式十分的精炼高效，对初学者的学习有很大的帮助。

1.3 代码阅读笔记

        

#include "utility.h"

#include <gtsam/geometry/Rot3.h>
#include <gtsam/geometry/Pose3.h>
#include <gtsam/slam/PriorFactor.h>
#include <gtsam/slam/BetweenFactor.h>
#include <gtsam/navigation/GPSFactor.h>
#include <gtsam/navigation/ImuFactor.h>
#include <gtsam/navigation/CombinedImuFactor.h>
#include <gtsam/nonlinear/NonlinearFactorGraph.h>
#include <gtsam/nonlinear/LevenbergMarquardtOptimizer.h>
#include <gtsam/nonlinear/Marginals.h>
#include <gtsam/nonlinear/Values.h>
#include <gtsam/inference/Symbol.h>

#include <gtsam/nonlinear/ISAM2.h>
#include <gtsam_unstable/nonlinear/IncrementalFixedLagSmoother.h>

using gtsam::symbol_shorthand::X; // Pose3 (x,y,z,r,p,y)
using gtsam::symbol_shorthand::V; // Vel   (xdot,ydot,zdot)
using gtsam::symbol_shorthand::B; // Bias  (ax,ay,az,gx,gy,gz)

//这个类主要是实现利用高帧率的imu数据对低帧率的雷达里程计进行精度修正
class TransformFusion : public ParamServer
{
public:
    std::mutex mtx;

    ros::Subscriber subImuOdometry;
    ros::Subscriber subLaserOdometry;

    ros::Publisher pubImuOdometry;
    ros::Publisher pubImuPath;

    //激光里程计对应旋转变换矩阵
    Eigen::Affine3f lidarOdomAffine;
    //imu里程计队列中最早的一帧对应旋转变换矩阵
    Eigen::Affine3f imuOdomAffineFront;
    //imu里程计队列中最新的一帧对应旋转变换矩阵
    Eigen::Affine3f imuOdomAffineBack;

    tf::TransformListener tfListener;
    tf::StampedTransform lidar2Baselink;

    double lidarOdomTime = -1;
    deque<nav_msgs::Odometry> imuOdomQueue;

    TransformFusion()
    {
        if(lidarFrame != baselinkFrame)
        {
            try
            {
                tfListener.waitForTransform(lidarFrame, baselinkFrame, ros::Time(0), ros::Duration(3.0));
                tfListener.lookupTransform(lidarFrame, baselinkFrame, ros::Time(0), lidar2Baselink);
            }
            catch (tf::TransformException ex)
            {
                ROS_ERROR("%s",ex.what());
            }
        }

        subLaserOdometry = nh.subscribe<nav_msgs::Odometry>("lio_sam/mapping/odometry", 5, &TransformFusion::lidarOdometryHandler, this, ros::TransportHints().tcpNoDelay());
        subImuOdometry   = nh.subscribe<nav_msgs::Odometry>(odomTopic+"_incremental",   2000, &TransformFusion::imuOdometryHandler,   this, ros::TransportHints().tcpNoDelay());

        pubImuOdometry   = nh.advertise<nav_msgs::Odometry>(odomTopic, 2000);
        pubImuPath       = nh.advertise<nav_msgs::Path>    ("lio_sam/imu/path", 1);
    }

    //将里程计里面的位姿信息转化为旋转变换矩阵
    Eigen::Affine3f odom2affine(nav_msgs::Odometry odom)
    {   
        //xyz信息直接从里程计中提取
        double x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw;
        x = odom.pose.pose.position.x;
        y = odom.pose.pose.position.y;
        z = odom.pose.pose.position.z;
        //rpy角信息先从里程计中获取四元数，利用tf库转换为3X3的矩阵，然后再转化为rpy三个角
        tf::Quaternion orientation;
        tf::quaternionMsgToTF(odom.pose.pose.orientation, orientation);
        tf::Matrix3x3(orientation).getRPY(roll, pitch, yaw);
        //将给定的xyzrpy角创建平移旋转变换矩阵
        return pcl::getTransformation(x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw);
    }

    //雷达里程计回调函数，将位姿信息转化为旋转变换矩阵
    void lidarOdometryHandler(const nav_msgs::Odometry::ConstPtr& odomMsg)
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
        lidarOdomAffine = odom2affine(*odomMsg);
        lidarOdomTime = odomMsg->header.stamp.toSec();
    }

    //imu里程计回调函数，输入里程计信息 核心功能是保存imu队列，并计算imu里程计增量变换，用得到的增量旋转变换矩阵来修正雷达里程计，提高精度
    void imuOdometryHandler(const nav_msgs::Odometry::ConstPtr& odomMsg)
    {
        //创建一个tf发布对象tfMap2Odom，创建一个tf对象map_to_odom，初始值全部是0  这块我没理清楚，感觉里面并没有赋值的过程，一直在发0，也就是两个坐标系重合在一块？
        static tf::TransformBroadcaster tfMap2Odom;
        static tf::Transform map_to_odom = tf::Transform(tf::createQuaternionFromRPY(0, 0, 0), tf::Vector3(0, 0, 0));

        //通过sendTransform发布tf变换
        //tf::StampedTransform是tf的一种特殊情况：它需要frame_id和stamp以及child_frame_id
        tfMap2Odom.sendTransform(tf::StampedTransform(map_to_odom, odomMsg->header.stamp, mapFrame, odometryFrame));

        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);

        //imu里程计装入最新一帧
        imuOdomQueue.push_back(*odomMsg);

        //保证雷达里程计里面有数，没有的话直接返回了，只有初始化的时候触发一次
        if (lidarOdomTime == -1)
            return;

        while (!imuOdomQueue.empty())
        {   
            //把imu里程计中，时间戳小于当前雷达里程计时间戳的数据全都pop出去
            if (imuOdomQueue.front().header.stamp.toSec() <= lidarOdomTime)
                imuOdomQueue.pop_front();
            else
                break;
        }
        //imu里程计队列中最早的一帧，也就是和当前雷达里程计时间最接近的那一帧，转化为旋转矩阵
        Eigen::Affine3f imuOdomAffineFront = odom2affine(imuOdomQueue.front());
        //imu里程计队列中最新的一帧，转化为旋转矩阵
        Eigen::Affine3f imuOdomAffineBack = odom2affine(imuOdomQueue.back());
        //矩阵运算front到back的旋转变换量，T_back = T_front * T_inc,那么T_inc = T_front逆 * T_back
        Eigen::Affine3f imuOdomAffineIncre = imuOdomAffineFront.inverse() * imuOdomAffineBack;
        //矩阵运算，将雷达里程计根据imu里程计的增量作修正 T_lidar_now = T_lidar * T_inc
        Eigen::Affine3f imuOdomAffineLast = lidarOdomAffine * imuOdomAffineIncre;
        float x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw;
        //把上面修正过的雷达里程计中的xyzrpy取出来，进行后面的运算
        pcl::getTranslationAndEulerAngles(imuOdomAffineLast, x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw);
        
        //把修正过的雷达里程计发布出来，初值用的是imuOdomQueue，这个我个人感觉无所谓，用空的nav_msgs::Odometry应该也可以
        nav_msgs::Odometry laserOdometry = imuOdomQueue.back();
        laserOdometry.pose.pose.position.x = x;
        laserOdometry.pose.pose.position.y = y;
        laserOdometry.pose.pose.position.z = z;
        laserOdometry.pose.pose.orientation = tf::createQuaternionMsgFromRollPitchYaw(roll, pitch, yaw);
        pubImuOdometry.publish(laserOdometry);

        //发布修正过后的雷达里程计到baselink的tf变换
        static tf::TransformBroadcaster tfOdom2BaseLink;
        //修正过后的雷达里程计装入tCur
        tf::Transform tCur;
        tf::poseMsgToTF(laserOdometry.pose.pose, tCur);
        if(lidarFrame != baselinkFrame)
            tCur = tCur * lidar2Baselink;
        tf::StampedTransform odom_2_baselink = tf::StampedTransform(tCur, odomMsg->header.stamp, odometryFrame, baselinkFrame);
        tfOdom2BaseLink.sendTransform(odom_2_baselink);

        //发布imu里程计path，用来在rviz实时显示轨迹，不过根据while中的删选条件能够看到显示的是一秒内的imu轨迹
        static nav_msgs::Path imuPath;
        static double last_path_time = -1;
        double imuTime = imuOdomQueue.back().header.stamp.toSec();
        if (imuTime - last_path_time > 0.1)
        {
            last_path_time = imuTime;
            geometry_msgs::PoseStamped pose_stamped;
            pose_stamped.header.stamp = imuOdomQueue.back().header.stamp;
            pose_stamped.header.frame_id = odometryFrame;
            pose_stamped.pose = laserOdometry.pose.pose;
            imuPath.poses.push_back(pose_stamped);
            while(!imuPath.poses.empty() && imuPath.poses.front().header.stamp.toSec() < lidarOdomTime - 1.0)
                imuPath.poses.erase(imuPath.poses.begin());
            if (pubImuPath.getNumSubscribers() != 0)
            {
                imuPath.header.stamp = imuOdomQueue.back().header.stamp;
                imuPath.header.frame_id = odometryFrame;
                pubImuPath.publish(imuPath);
            }
        }
    }
};

//这个类的主要功能是构建因子图,把imu加入其中，实现紧耦合
class IMUPreintegration : public ParamServer
{
public:

    std::mutex mtx;

    ros::Subscriber subImu;
    ros::Subscriber subOdometry;
    ros::Publisher pubImuOdometry;

    bool systemInitialized = false;
    
    //gtsam构建的白噪声
    gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr priorPoseNoise;
    gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr priorVelNoise;
    gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr priorBiasNoise;
    gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr correctionNoise;
    gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr correctionNoise2;
    gtsam::Vector noiseModelBetweenBias;

    //imu预积分器，用来记录两帧激光里程计之间的imu数据预积分
    gtsam::PreintegratedImuMeasurements *imuIntegratorOpt_;
    //imu预积分器，根据最新接收到的激光雷达里程计，预测下一帧激光雷达里程计到达时的imu积分增量，用作因子图优化
    gtsam::PreintegratedImuMeasurements *imuIntegratorImu_;

    std::deque<sensor_msgs::Imu> imuQueOpt;
    std::deque<sensor_msgs::Imu> imuQueImu;

    gtsam::Pose3 prevPose_;
    gtsam::Vector3 prevVel_;
    gtsam::NavState prevState_;
    gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias prevBias_;

    gtsam::NavState prevStateOdom;
    gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias prevBiasOdom;

    bool doneFirstOpt = false;
    double lastImuT_imu = -1;
    double lastImuT_opt = -1;

    gtsam::ISAM2 optimizer;
    gtsam::NonlinearFactorGraph graphFactors;
    gtsam::Values graphValues;

    const double delta_t = 0;

    int key = 1;
    
    // T_bl:雷达坐标系转化到imu坐标系
    gtsam::Pose3 imu2Lidar = gtsam::Pose3(gtsam::Rot3(1, 0, 0, 0), gtsam::Point3(-extTrans.x(), -extTrans.y(), -extTrans.z()));
    // T_lb:imu坐标系转化到雷达坐标系
    gtsam::Pose3 lidar2Imu = gtsam::Pose3(gtsam::Rot3(1, 0, 0, 0), gtsam::Point3(extTrans.x(), extTrans.y(), extTrans.z()));

    IMUPreintegration()
    {   

        subImu      = nh.subscribe<sensor_msgs::Imu>  (imuTopic,                   2000, &IMUPreintegration::imuHandler,      this, ros::TransportHints().tcpNoDelay());
        subOdometry = nh.subscribe<nav_msgs::Odometry>("lio_sam/mapping/odometry_incremental", 5,    &IMUPreintegration::odometryHandler, this, ros::TransportHints().tcpNoDelay());

        pubImuOdometry = nh.advertise<nav_msgs::Odometry> (odomTopic+"_incremental", 2000);

        boost::shared_ptr<gtsam::PreintegrationParams> p = gtsam::PreintegrationParams::MakeSharedU(imuGravity);
        p->accelerometerCovariance  = gtsam::Matrix33::Identity(3,3) * pow(imuAccNoise, 2); // acc white noise in continuous
        p->gyroscopeCovariance      = gtsam::Matrix33::Identity(3,3) * pow(imuGyrNoise, 2); // gyro white noise in continuous
        p->integrationCovariance    = gtsam::Matrix33::Identity(3,3) * pow(1e-4, 2); // error committed in integrating position from velocities
        gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias prior_imu_bias((gtsam::Vector(6) << 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0).finished());; // assume zero initial bias

        priorPoseNoise  = gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((gtsam::Vector(6) << 1e-2, 1e-2, 1e-2, 1e-2, 1e-2, 1e-2).finished()); // rad,rad,rad,m, m, m
        priorVelNoise   = gtsam::noiseModel::Isotropic::Sigma(3, 1e4); // m/s
        priorBiasNoise  = gtsam::noiseModel::Isotropic::Sigma(6, 1e-3); // 1e-2 ~ 1e-3 seems to be good
        correctionNoise = gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((gtsam::Vector(6) << 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1).finished()); // rad,rad,rad,m, m, m
        correctionNoise2 = gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas((gtsam::Vector(6) << 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1).finished()); // rad,rad,rad,m, m, m
        noiseModelBetweenBias = (gtsam::Vector(6) << imuAccBiasN, imuAccBiasN, imuAccBiasN, imuGyrBiasN, imuGyrBiasN, imuGyrBiasN).finished();
        
        imuIntegratorImu_ = new gtsam::PreintegratedImuMeasurements(p, prior_imu_bias); // setting up the IMU integration for IMU message thread
        imuIntegratorOpt_ = new gtsam::PreintegratedImuMeasurements(p, prior_imu_bias); // setting up the IMU integration for optimization        
    }

    //重置ISAM优化器
    void resetOptimization()
    {
        gtsam::ISAM2Params optParameters;
        optParameters.relinearizeThreshold = 0.1;
        optParameters.relinearizeSkip = 1;
        optimizer = gtsam::ISAM2(optParameters);

        gtsam::NonlinearFactorGraph newGraphFactors;
        graphFactors = newGraphFactors;

        gtsam::Values NewGraphValues;
        graphValues = NewGraphValues;
    }

    //重置参数，主要是几个回掉函数的标志位
    void resetParams()
    {
        lastImuT_imu = -1;
        doneFirstOpt = false;
        systemInitialized = false;
    }

    //激光里程计回调函数
    void odometryHandler(const nav_msgs::Odometry::ConstPtr& odomMsg)
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);

        double currentCorrectionTime = ROS_TIME(odomMsg);

        // make sure we have imu data to integrate
        if (imuQueOpt.empty())
            return;

        float p_x = odomMsg->pose.pose.position.x;
        float p_y = odomMsg->pose.pose.position.y;
        float p_z = odomMsg->pose.pose.position.z;
        float r_x = odomMsg->pose.pose.orientation.x;
        float r_y = odomMsg->pose.pose.orientation.y;
        float r_z = odomMsg->pose.pose.orientation.z;
        float r_w = odomMsg->pose.pose.orientation.w;
        bool degenerate = (int)odomMsg->pose.covariance[0] == 1 ? true : false;
        gtsam::Pose3 lidarPose = gtsam::Pose3(gtsam::Rot3::Quaternion(r_w, r_x, r_y, r_z), gtsam::Point3(p_x, p_y, p_z));

        //初始化
        if (systemInitialized == false)
        {
            resetOptimization();

            //delta_t在类中声明为0，所以实质上是删除imu队列中早于激光雷达里程计时间的帧
            while (!imuQueOpt.empty())
            {
                if (ROS_TIME(&imuQueOpt.front()) < currentCorrectionTime - delta_t)
                {
                    lastImuT_opt = ROS_TIME(&imuQueOpt.front());
                    imuQueOpt.pop_front();
                }
                else
                    break;
            }
            //雷达坐标系转化到imu坐标系
            prevPose_ = lidarPose.compose(lidar2Imu);
            gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::Pose3> priorPose(X(0), prevPose_, priorPoseNoise);
            graphFactors.add(priorPose);
            //速度因子
            prevVel_ = gtsam::Vector3(0, 0, 0);
            gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::Vector3> priorVel(V(0), prevVel_, priorVelNoise);
            graphFactors.add(priorVel);
            //噪声因子
            prevBias_ = gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias();
            gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias> priorBias(B(0), prevBias_, priorBiasNoise);
            graphFactors.add(priorBias);
            //graphValues赋值，把构建好的graphFactors赋进去
            graphValues.insert(X(0), prevPose_);
            graphValues.insert(V(0), prevVel_);
            graphValues.insert(B(0), prevBias_);
            //进行一次图优化
            optimizer.update(graphFactors, graphValues);
            graphFactors.resize(0);
            graphValues.clear();
            //reset
            imuIntegratorImu_->resetIntegrationAndSetBias(prevBias_);
            imuIntegratorOpt_->resetIntegrationAndSetBias(prevBias_);
            
            key = 1;
            systemInitialized = true;
            return;
        }


        //每当前面的优化进行一百次，将imu积分器内的数全部清0，减少累计误差
        if (key == 100)
        {
            // get updated noise before reset
            gtsam::noiseModel::Gaussian::shared_ptr updatedPoseNoise = gtsam::noiseModel::Gaussian::Covariance(optimizer.marginalCovariance(X(key-1)));
            gtsam::noiseModel::Gaussian::shared_ptr updatedVelNoise  = gtsam::noiseModel::Gaussian::Covariance(optimizer.marginalCovariance(V(key-1)));
            gtsam::noiseModel::Gaussian::shared_ptr updatedBiasNoise = gtsam::noiseModel::Gaussian::Covariance(optimizer.marginalCovariance(B(key-1)));
            // reset graph
            resetOptimization();
            // add pose
            gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::Pose3> priorPose(X(0), prevPose_, updatedPoseNoise);
            graphFactors.add(priorPose);
            // add velocity
            gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::Vector3> priorVel(V(0), prevVel_, updatedVelNoise);
            graphFactors.add(priorVel);
            // add bias
            gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias> priorBias(B(0), prevBias_, updatedBiasNoise);
            graphFactors.add(priorBias);
            // add values
            graphValues.insert(X(0), prevPose_);
            graphValues.insert(V(0), prevVel_);
            graphValues.insert(B(0), prevBias_);
            // optimize once
            optimizer.update(graphFactors, graphValues);
            graphFactors.resize(0);
            graphValues.clear();

            key = 1;
        }


        //引用知乎卢涛大佬的解释，计算前一帧与当前帧之间的imu预积分量，用前一帧状态施加预积分量得到当前帧初始状态估计，添加来自mapOptimization的当前帧位姿，进行因子图优化，更新当前帧状态
        while (!imuQueOpt.empty())
        {
            //delta_t在类中声明为0，所以实质上是删除imu队列中早于激光雷达里程计时间的帧
            sensor_msgs::Imu *thisImu = &imuQueOpt.front();
            double imuTime = ROS_TIME(thisImu);
            if (imuTime < currentCorrectionTime - delta_t)
            {
                //将imu信息的线加速度与角速度加入预积分器中
                double dt = (lastImuT_opt < 0) ? (1.0 / 500.0) : (imuTime - lastImuT_opt);
                imuIntegratorOpt_->integrateMeasurement(
                        gtsam::Vector3(thisImu->linear_acceleration.x, thisImu->linear_acceleration.y, thisImu->linear_acceleration.z),
                        gtsam::Vector3(thisImu->angular_velocity.x,    thisImu->angular_velocity.y,    thisImu->angular_velocity.z), dt);
                
                lastImuT_opt = imuTime;
                imuQueOpt.pop_front();
            }
            else
                break;
        }
        //imufactor中存入前一帧位姿与速度，当前帧位姿与速度，以及之前形成的imu预计分量
        const gtsam::PreintegratedImuMeasurements& preint_imu = dynamic_cast<const gtsam::PreintegratedImuMeasurements&>(*imuIntegratorOpt_);
        gtsam::ImuFactor imu_factor(X(key - 1), V(key - 1), X(key), V(key), B(key - 1), preint_imu);
        graphFactors.add(imu_factor);
        //add imu bias between factor
        graphFactors.add(gtsam::BetweenFactor<gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias>(B(key - 1), B(key), gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias(),
                         gtsam::noiseModel::Diagonal::Sigmas(sqrt(imuIntegratorOpt_->deltaTij()) * noiseModelBetweenBias)));
        // add pose factor
        gtsam::Pose3 curPose = lidarPose.compose(lidar2Imu);
        gtsam::PriorFactor<gtsam::Pose3> pose_factor(X(key), curPose, degenerate ? correctionNoise2 : correctionNoise);
        graphFactors.add(pose_factor);
        // insert predicted values
        gtsam::NavState propState_ = imuIntegratorOpt_->predict(prevState_, prevBias_);
        graphValues.insert(X(key), propState_.pose());
        graphValues.insert(V(key), propState_.v());
        graphValues.insert(B(key), prevBias_);
        // optimize
        optimizer.update(graphFactors, graphValues);
        optimizer.update();
        graphFactors.resize(0);
        graphValues.clear();
        // Overwrite the beginning of the preintegration for the next step.
        //更新位姿、速度、偏置等优化结果
        gtsam::Values result = optimizer.calculateEstimate();
        prevPose_  = result.at<gtsam::Pose3>(X(key));
        prevVel_   = result.at<gtsam::Vector3>(V(key));
        prevState_ = gtsam::NavState(prevPose_, prevVel_);
        prevBias_  = result.at<gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias>(B(key));
        // Reset the optimization preintegration object.
        imuIntegratorOpt_->resetIntegrationAndSetBias(prevBias_);
        // check optimization
        if (failureDetection(prevVel_, prevBias_))
        {
            resetParams();
            return;
        }


        // 2. after optiization, re-propagate imu odometry preintegration
        //这两个变量在imu回调函数里用到了，用来预测当前帧的位姿
        prevStateOdom = prevState_;
        prevBiasOdom  = prevBias_;
        // first pop imu message older than current correction data
        double lastImuQT = -1;
        //引用zzk大佬的解释
        //注意，这里是要“删除”当前帧“之前”的imu数据，是想根据当前帧“之后”的累积递推。
        //而前面imuIntegratorOpt_做的事情是，“提取”当前帧“之前”的imu数据，用两帧之间的imu数据进行积分。处理过的就弹出来。
        //因此，新到一帧激光帧里程计数据时，imuQueOpt队列变化如下：
        //当前帧之前的数据被提出来做积分，用一个删一个（这样下一帧到达后，队列中就不会有现在这帧之前的数据了）
        //那么在更新完以后，imuQueOpt队列不再变化，剩下的原始imu数据用作下一次优化时的数据。
        //而imuQueImu队列则是把当前帧之前的imu数据都给直接剔除掉，仅保留当前帧之后的imu数据，
        //用作两帧lidar里程计到达时刻之间发布的imu增量式里程计的预测。
        //imuQueImu和imuQueOpt的区别要明确,imuIntegratorImu_和imuIntegratorOpt_的区别也要明确
        while (!imuQueImu.empty() && ROS_TIME(&imuQueImu.front()) < currentCorrectionTime - delta_t)
        {
            lastImuQT = ROS_TIME(&imuQueImu.front());
            imuQueImu.pop_front();
        }
        // repropogate
        if (!imuQueImu.empty())
        {
            // reset bias use the newly optimized bias
            imuIntegratorImu_->resetIntegrationAndSetBias(prevBiasOdom);
            // integrate imu message from the beginning of this optimization
            for (int i = 0; i < (int)imuQueImu.size(); ++i)
            {
                sensor_msgs::Imu *thisImu = &imuQueImu[i];
                double imuTime = ROS_TIME(thisImu);
                double dt = (lastImuQT < 0) ? (1.0 / 500.0) :(imuTime - lastImuQT);

                imuIntegratorImu_->integrateMeasurement(gtsam::Vector3(thisImu->linear_acceleration.x, thisImu->linear_acceleration.y, thisImu->linear_acceleration.z),
                                                        gtsam::Vector3(thisImu->angular_velocity.x,    thisImu->angular_velocity.y,    thisImu->angular_velocity.z), dt);
                lastImuQT = imuTime;
            }
        }

        ++key;
        doneFirstOpt = true;
    }

    bool failureDetection(const gtsam::Vector3& velCur, const gtsam::imuBias::ConstantBias& biasCur)
    {
        Eigen::Vector3f vel(velCur.x(), velCur.y(), velCur.z());
        if (vel.norm() > 30)
        {
            ROS_WARN("Large velocity, reset IMU-preintegration!");
            return true;
        }

        Eigen::Vector3f ba(biasCur.accelerometer().x(), biasCur.accelerometer().y(), biasCur.accelerometer().z());
        Eigen::Vector3f bg(biasCur.gyroscope().x(), biasCur.gyroscope().y(), biasCur.gyroscope().z());
        if (ba.norm() > 1.0 || bg.norm() > 1.0)
        {
            ROS_WARN("Large bias, reset IMU-preintegration!");
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    //imu回调函数
    void imuHandler(const sensor_msgs::Imu::ConstPtr& imu_raw)
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
        //imuConverter函数定义在utility.h文件里，把imu的数据旋转到前左上坐标系下
        sensor_msgs::Imu thisImu = imuConverter(*imu_raw);

        imuQueOpt.push_back(thisImu);
        imuQueImu.push_back(thisImu);

        //odometryHandler结束标志位
        if (doneFirstOpt == false)
            return;

        double imuTime = ROS_TIME(&thisImu);
        double dt = (lastImuT_imu < 0) ? (1.0 / 500.0) : (imuTime - lastImuT_imu);
        lastImuT_imu = imuTime;

        // gtsam中的imu预积分器，将thisImu里的数据和dt存进去
        imuIntegratorImu_->integrateMeasurement(gtsam::Vector3(thisImu.linear_acceleration.x, thisImu.linear_acceleration.y, thisImu.linear_acceleration.z),
                                                gtsam::Vector3(thisImu.angular_velocity.x,    thisImu.angular_velocity.y,    thisImu.angular_velocity.z), dt);

        // predict odometry
        gtsam::NavState currentState = imuIntegratorImu_->predict(prevStateOdom, prevBiasOdom);

        //发布imu里程计
        nav_msgs::Odometry odometry;
        odometry.header.stamp = thisImu.header.stamp;
        odometry.header.frame_id = odometryFrame;
        odometry.child_frame_id = "odom_imu";

        // transform imu pose to ldiar
        gtsam::Pose3 imuPose = gtsam::Pose3(currentState.quaternion(), currentState.position());
        gtsam::Pose3 lidarPose = imuPose.compose(imu2Lidar);

        odometry.pose.pose.position.x = lidarPose.translation().x();
        odometry.pose.pose.position.y = lidarPose.translation().y();
        odometry.pose.pose.position.z = lidarPose.translation().z();
        odometry.pose.pose.orientation.x = lidarPose.rotation().toQuaternion().x();
        odometry.pose.pose.orientation.y = lidarPose.rotation().toQuaternion().y();
        odometry.pose.pose.orientation.z = lidarPose.rotation().toQuaternion().z();
        odometry.pose.pose.orientation.w = lidarPose.rotation().toQuaternion().w();
        
        odometry.twist.twist.linear.x = currentState.velocity().x();
        odometry.twist.twist.linear.y = currentState.velocity().y();
        odometry.twist.twist.linear.z = currentState.velocity().z();
        odometry.twist.twist.angular.x = thisImu.angular_velocity.x + prevBiasOdom.gyroscope().x();
        odometry.twist.twist.angular.y = thisImu.angular_velocity.y + prevBiasOdom.gyroscope().y();
        odometry.twist.twist.angular.z = thisImu.angular_velocity.z + prevBiasOdom.gyroscope().z();
        pubImuOdometry.publish(odometry);
    }
};


int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    ros::init(argc, argv, "roboat_loam");
    
    IMUPreintegration ImuP;

    TransformFusion TF;

    ROS_INFO("\033[1;32m----> IMU Preintegration Started.\033[0m");
    
    ros::MultiThreadedSpinner spinner(4);
    spinner.spin();
    
    return 0;
}

1.4后记

        LIO-SAM中的imu紧耦合激光雷达SLAM的方式是作者Tixiao Shan做这一套系统的核心，其他部分与LeGO-LOAM并无太大区别，作者后续又在这套系统的基础上加入了视觉系统即LVI-SAM，也做的十分优秀，值得学习。