常见链表的设计

链表是非常常见的一种数据结构,尤其是在一些操作系统中。
链表常见的操作有插入节点、删除节点、访问节点等。
本文实现了单向链表、双向链表的设计,并提供了可直接运行的C++代码,此外还说明了使用C语言在实现上的差异

本文所使用的图取自代码随想录

链表类型

  • 单链表

    image-20240905164200397
  • 双向链表

    image-20240905164239651
  • 循环链表

    image-20240905164300885

链表的存储方式

各个节点分布在内存的不同地址空间上,通过指针串联在一起

单链表的定义

struct ListNode {
    int val;  // 节点上存储的元素
    ListNode *next;  // 指向下一个节点的指针
    ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {}  // 节点的构造函数
};

链表的操作

  • 删除节点

    image-20240905164922557
  • 添加节点

    image-20240905164951835

与数组对比

插入/删除(时间复杂度)查询(时间复杂度)使用场景
数组O(n)O(1)数据量固定,频繁查询,较少增删
链表O(1)O(n)数据量不固定,频繁增删,较少查询


移除链表元素

struct node {
    int value;
    node *next;
    node(int x) : value(x), next(nullptr) {}
};

node *removeElement(node *head, int val){
    node *dummyHead = new node(0);
    dummyHead->next = head;
    node *cur = dummyHead;
    
    while(cur->next != NULL){
        if(cur->next->value == val){
            node *tmp = cur->next;
            cur->next = cur->next->next;
            delete tmp;
        }
        else{
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
    head = dummyHead->next;
    delete dummyHead;
    return head;
}

链表设计

class MyList{    
public:
	struct node{
        int value;
        node *next;
        node(int initValue):value(initValue), next(nullptr){}
    };    
    MyList(){
        _dummyHead = new node(0);
        _size = 0;
    }
    
    // 获取第index个结点的数值
    int get(int index){
        if(index > (_size-1) || index < 0){
            // throw out_of_range("index out of range!");
            cout << "index out of range!————return INT32_MAX = " << INT32_MAX << endl;
            return INT32_MAX;
        }
        node *cur = _dummyHead->next;
        while(index){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        return cur->value;
    }
    
    // 在链表最前面插入一个节点
    void addAtHead(int value){
        node *newNode = new node(value);
        newNode->next = _dummyHead->next;
        _dummyHead->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }
    
    // 在链表最后面插入一个元素
    void addAtTail(int value){
		node *newNode = new node(value);        
        
        node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(cur->next != nullptr){
    		cur = cur->next;
        }
        cur->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }
    
    // 在第index个节点之前插入一个节点
    void addAtIndex(int index, int value){
        if(index > _size){
            return;
        }
        if(index < 0){
            index = 0;
        }
        
        node *newNode = new node(value);
        node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index != 0){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        newNode->next = cur->next;
        cur->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }
    
    // 删除第index个节点
    void deleteAtIndex(int index){
        if(index < 0 || index >= _size){
            return;
        }
        
        node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index != 0){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        node *tmp = cur->next;
        cur->next = cur->next->next;
        
        delete tmp;
        tmp = nullptr;
        _size--;
    }
    
    // 打印链表
    void printList(){
        node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(cur->next != nullptr){
            cout << cur->next->value;
            cur = cur->next;
            if(cur->next){
                cout << "->";
            }
        }
        cout << endl;
    }

private:
    int _size;
    node *_dummyHead;    
};

单独实现插入节点

struct node{
    int value;
    node *next;
    node(int initValue):value(initValue), next(nullptr){}
};
void addAtIndex(node *&head, int index, int value){
    node *dummyHead = new node(0);
    dummyHead->next = head;
    
	node *cur = dummyHead;

    int size = 0;    
    while(cur->next != nullptr){
        size++;
        cur = cur->next;
    }
    
    if(index < 0){
        index = 0;
    }
    if(index > size){
        delete dummyHead;
        cout << "index is invalid" << endl;
        return;
    }
    
    cur = dummyHead;
    while(index){
        cur = cur->next;
        index--;
    }
    node *newNode = new node(value);
    newNode->next = cur->next;
    cur->next = newNode;
    size++;
    
    head = dummyHead->next;
    delete dummyHead;
}

使用C语言实现,与C++基本一致,只不过我们要自己定义结点的创建函数,并且new/delete要对应转换为malloc/free

typedef struct node{
    int value;
    struct node *next;
}node;


node *createNode(int value){
    node *newNode = (node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
    newNode->value = value;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}

void addAtIndex(node **head, int index, int value){
    node *dummyHead = createNode(0);
    dummyHead->next = *head;
    
    int size = 0;
    node *cur = dummyHead;
    while(cur->next != NULL){
        cur = cur->next;
        size++;
    }
    
    if(index < 0)index=0;
    if(index > size){
    	free(dummyHead);    
        return;
    }
    
    cur = dummyHead;
    while(index){
        cur = cur->next;
        index--;
    }
    node *newNode = createNode(value);
    newNode->next = cur->next;
    cur->next = newNode;
    
    *head = dummyHead->next;
    free(dummyHead);
}

双向链表设计

class MyDualList{    
public:
    struct node{
        int value;
        node *next;
        node *prev;
        node(int initValue):value(initValue), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr){}
    };
    
    MyDualList(){
        _dummyHead = new node(0);
        _dummyTail = new node(0);
        _size = 0;
        _dummyHead->next = _dummyTail;
        _dummyTail->prev = _dummyHead;
    }
    
    int get(int index){
        if(index < 0 || index >= _size){
            return -1;
        }
        node *cur = _dummyHead->next;
        while(index){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        return cur->value;
    }
    
    void addAtHead(int value){
        node *newNode = new node(value);
        newNode->next = _dummyHead->next;
        _dummyHead->next->prev = newNode; // 跟单链表一致,只是在指针换向时多考虑一个prev指针
        _dummyHead->next = newNode;
        newNode->prev = _dummyHead; //
        _size++;
    }
    
    void addAtTail(int value){
        node *newNode = new node(value);
        
        // 这里设计的双向链表,与单向链表相比,末尾节点会指向_dummyTail,基于此可以像单向链表一样写
        // 不过从另一个角度来说,我们的尾插可以看作在_dummyTail之前插入一个节点
        _dummyTail->prev->next = newNode;
        newNode->prev = _dummyTail->prev;
        newNode->next = _dummyTail;
        _dummyTail->prev = newNode;
        _size++;
    }
    
    void addAtIndex(int index, int value){
        if(index < 0)index=0;
        if(index > _size)return;
        
        node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        node *newNode = new node(value);
        newNode->next = cur->next;
        cur->next->prev = newNode;
        cur->next = newNode;
        newNode->prev = cur;
        _size++;
    }
    
    void deleteAtIndex(int index){
        if(index < 0 || index >= _size)return;
		node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        node *tmp = cur->next;
        cur->next = cur->next->next;
        cur->next->prev = cur;
        
        delete tmp;
        _size--;
    }
    
    void printListForward(){
        node *cur = _dummyHead;
        while(cur->next != _dummyTail){
            cout << cur->next->value;
            cur = cur->next;
            if(cur->next != _dummyTail){
                cout << "->";
            }
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
    void printListReverse(){
        node *cur = _dummyTail;
        while(cur->prev != _dummyHead){
            cout << cur->prev->value;
            cur = cur->prev;
            if(cur->prev != _dummyHead){
                cout << "<-";
            }
        }
        cout << endl;
    }    
private:
    int _size = 0;
    node *_dummyHead, *_dummyTail;    
};



测试部分

  • 函数测试——添加与移除链表元素

    /* C++ */
    #include<iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    struct node {
        int value;
        node *next;
        node(int x) : value(x), next(NULL) {}
    };
    
    void printList(node *head){
        node *dummyHead = new node(0);
        dummyHead->next = head;
        node *cur = dummyHead;
        while(cur->next){
            cout << cur->next->value;
            cur = cur->next;
            if(cur->next){
                cout << "->";
            }
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
    
    void removeElement(node *&head, int val){
        node *dummyHead = new node(0);
        dummyHead->next = head;
        node *cur = dummyHead;
        
        while(cur->next != NULL){
            if(cur->next->value == val){
                node *tmp = cur->next;
                cur->next = cur->next->next;
                delete tmp;
            }
            else{
                cur = cur->next;
            }
        }
        head = dummyHead->next;
        delete dummyHead;
    }
    
    void addAtIndex(node *&head, int index, int value){
        node *dummyHead = new node(0);
        dummyHead->next = head;
        
    	node *cur = dummyHead;
    
        int size = 0;    
        while(cur->next != nullptr){
            size++;
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        
        if(index < 0){
            index = 0;
        }
        if(index > size){
            delete dummyHead;
            cout << "index is invalid" << endl;
            return;
        }
        
        cur = dummyHead;
        while(index){
            cur = cur->next;
            index--;
        }
        node *newNode = new node(value);
        newNode->next = cur->next;
        cur->next = newNode;
        size++;
        
        head = dummyHead->next;
        delete dummyHead;
        dummyHead = nullptr;
    }
    
    int main(void){
        node *head = new node(0);
        addAtIndex(head, 1, 1);
        addAtIndex(head, 2, 2);
        addAtIndex(head, 3, 3);
        addAtIndex(head, 4, 4);
        addAtIndex(head, 5, 5);
        cout << "the LinkedList is:" << endl;
        printList(head);
        removeElement(head, 2);
        printList(head);
        return 0;
    }
    

image-20240906163301527

/* C */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

typedef struct node{
    int value;
    struct node *next;
}node;

node *createNode(int value){
    node *newNode = (node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
    newNode->value = value;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}

void printList(node *head){
    node *dummyHead = createNode(0);
    dummyHead->next = head;
    node *cur = dummyHead;
    while(cur->next){
        printf("%d", cur->next->value);
        cur = cur->next;
        if(cur->next){
            printf("->");
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

void addAtIndex(node **head, int index, int value){
    node *dummyHead = createNode(0);
    dummyHead->next = *head;
    
    int size = 0;
    node *cur = dummyHead;
    while(cur->next != NULL){
        cur = cur->next;
        size++;
    }
    
    if(index < 0)index=0;
    if(index > size){
    	free(dummyHead);    
        return;
    }
    
    cur = dummyHead;
    while(index){
        cur = cur->next;
        index--;
    }
    node *newNode = createNode(value);
    newNode->next = cur->next;
    cur->next = newNode;
    
    *head = dummyHead->next;
    free(dummyHead);
}

void removeElement(node **head, int val){
    node *dummyHead = createNode(0);
    dummyHead->next = *head;
    node *cur = dummyHead;
    
    while(cur->next != NULL){
        if(cur->next->value == val){
            node *tmp = cur->next;
            cur->next = cur->next->next;
            free(tmp);
        }
        else{
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
    *head = dummyHead->next;
    free(dummyHead);
}

int main(void){
    node *head = createNode(0);
    addAtIndex(&head, 1, 1);
    addAtIndex(&head, 2, 2);
    addAtIndex(&head, 3, 3);
    addAtIndex(&head, 4, 4);
    addAtIndex(&head, 5, 5);
    printf("the LinkedList is:\n");
    printList(head);
    removeElement(&head, 0);
    printList(head);
    return 0;
}

image-20240906163424875

  • 链表设计测试

    #include<iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    class MyList{    
    public:
    	struct node{
            int value;
            node *next;
            node(int initValue):value(initValue), next(nullptr){}
        };    
        MyList(){
            _dummyHead = new node(0);
            _size = 0;
        }
        
        // 获取第index个结点的数值
        int get(int index){
            if(index > (_size-1) || index < 0){
                // throw out_of_range("index out of range!");
                cout << "index out of range!————return INT32_MAX = " << INT32_MAX << endl;
                return INT32_MAX;
            }
            node *cur = _dummyHead->next;
            while(index){
                cur = cur->next;
                index--;
            }
            return cur->value;
        }
        
        // 在链表最前面插入一个节点
        void addAtHead(int value){
            node *newNode = new node(value);
            newNode->next = _dummyHead->next;
            _dummyHead->next = newNode;
            _size++;
        }
        
        // 在链表最后面插入一个元素
        void addAtTail(int value){
    		node *newNode = new node(value);        
            
            node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(cur->next != nullptr){
        		cur = cur->next;
            }
            cur->next = newNode;
            _size++;
        }
        
        // 在第index个节点之前插入一个节点
        void addAtIndex(int index, int value){
            if(index > _size){
                return;
            }
            if(index < 0){
                index = 0;
            }
            
            node *newNode = new node(value);
            node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(index != 0){
                cur = cur->next;
                index--;
            }
            newNode->next = cur->next;
            cur->next = newNode;
            _size++;
        }
        
        // 删除第index个节点
        void deleteAtIndex(int index){
            if(index < 0 || index >= _size){
                return;
            }
            
            node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(index != 0){
                cur = cur->next;
                index--;
            }
            node *tmp = cur->next;
            cur->next = cur->next->next;
            
            delete tmp;
            tmp = nullptr;
            _size--;
        }
        
        // 打印链表
        void printList(){
            node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(cur->next != nullptr){
                cout << cur->next->value;
                cur = cur->next;
                if(cur->next){
                    cout << "->";
                }
            }
            cout << endl;
        }
    
    private:
        int _size;
        node *_dummyHead;    
    };
    
    int main(){
        MyList list;
        list.addAtIndex(0,0);
        list.addAtIndex(1,1);
        list.addAtIndex(2,2);
        list.addAtIndex(3,3);
        list.addAtIndex(4,3);
        list.addAtIndex(5,4);
        list.printList();
        list.deleteAtIndex(3);
        list.printList();
        cout << list.get(1) << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    

image-20240906163634682

  • 双向链表设计测试

    #include<iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    class MyDualList{    
    public:
        struct node{
            int value;
            node *next;
            node *prev;
            node(int initValue):value(initValue), next(nullptr), prev(nullptr){}
        };
        
        MyDualList(){
            _dummyHead = new node(0);
            _dummyTail = new node(0);
            _size = 0;
            _dummyHead->next = _dummyTail;
            _dummyTail->prev = _dummyHead;
        }
        
        int get(int index){
            if(index < 0 || index >= _size){
                return -1;
            }
            node *cur = _dummyHead->next;
            while(index){
                cur = cur->next;
                index--;
            }
            return cur->value;
        }
        
        void addAtHead(int value){
            node *newNode = new node(value);
            newNode->next = _dummyHead->next;
            _dummyHead->next->prev = newNode; // 跟单链表一致,只是在指针换向时多考虑一个prev指针
            _dummyHead->next = newNode;
            newNode->prev = _dummyHead; //
            _size++;
        }
        
        void addAtTail(int value){
            node *newNode = new node(value);
            
            // 这里设计的双向链表,与单向链表相比,末尾节点会指向_dummyTail,基于此可以像单向链表一样写
            // 不过从另一个角度来说,我们的尾插可以看作在_dummyTail之前插入一个节点
            _dummyTail->prev->next = newNode;
            newNode->prev = _dummyTail->prev;
            newNode->next = _dummyTail;
            _dummyTail->prev = newNode;
            _size++;
        }
        
        void addAtIndex(int index, int value){
            if(index < 0)index=0;
            if(index > _size)return;
            
            node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(index){
                cur = cur->next;
                index--;
            }
            node *newNode = new node(value);
            newNode->next = cur->next;
            cur->next->prev = newNode;
            cur->next = newNode;
            newNode->prev = cur;
            _size++;
        }
        
        void deleteAtIndex(int index){
            if(index < 0 || index >= _size)return;
    		node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(index){
                cur = cur->next;
                index--;
            }
            node *tmp = cur->next;
            cur->next = cur->next->next;
            cur->next->prev = cur;
            
            delete tmp;
            _size--;
        }
        
        void printListForward(){
            node *cur = _dummyHead;
            while(cur->next != _dummyTail){
                cout << cur->next->value;
                cur = cur->next;
                if(cur->next != _dummyTail){
                    cout << "->";
                }
            }
            cout << endl;
        }
        void printListReverse(){
            node *cur = _dummyTail;
            while(cur->prev != _dummyHead){
                cout << cur->prev->value;
                cur = cur->prev;
                if(cur->prev != _dummyHead){
                    cout << "<-";
                }
            }
            cout << endl;
        }    
    private:
        int _size = 0;
        node *_dummyHead, *_dummyTail;    
    };
    
    int main(){
        MyDualList list;
        list.addAtIndex(0,0);
        list.addAtIndex(1,1);
        list.addAtIndex(2,2);
        list.addAtIndex(3,3);
        list.addAtIndex(4,3);
        list.addAtIndex(5,4);
        list.addAtTail(60);
        list.printListForward();
        list.printListReverse();
        list.deleteAtIndex(3);
        list.printListForward();
        list.printListReverse();
        cout << list.get(1) << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    

image-20240906163742188

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