视频讲解：23考研660数一数二数三221题，微分方程，易错！计算量大
题目
设A，B都是不等于零的常数，则微分方程 y ′ ′ − 2 y ′ + 5 y = e x c o s 2 x y''-2y'+5y=e^xcos2x y′′−2y′+5y=excos2x有特解（）
(A)
y
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e
x
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c
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s
2
x
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B
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n
2
x
)
y^*=xe^x(Acos2x+Bsin2x)
y∗=xex(Acos2x+Bsin2x)
(B)
y
∗
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e
x
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A
c
o
s
2
x
+
B
s
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y^*=e^x(Acos2x+Bsin2x)
y∗=ex(Acos2x+Bsin2x)
(C)
y
∗
=
A
x
e
x
c
o
s
2
x
y^*=Axe^xcos2x
y∗=Axexcos2x
(D)
y
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=
A
x
e
x
s
i
n
2
x
y^*=Axe^xsin2x
y∗=Axexsin2x
解法1
齐 次 方 程 y ′ ′ − 2 y ′ + 5 y = 0 的 特 征 方 程 为 r 2 − 2 r + 5 = 0 齐次方程y''-2y'+5y=0的特征方程为r^2-2r+5=0 齐次方程y′′−2y′+5y=0的特征方程为r2−2r+5=0
由 求 根 公 式 得 r 1 , 2 = 2 ± − 16 2 = 1 ± 2 i 由求根公式得\ r_{1,2}=\frac{2\pm \sqrt{-16}}{2}=1\pm 2i 由求根公式得 r1,2=22±−16=1±2i
方程的非齐次项为 e α x c o s β x 的形式，其中 α = 1 , β = 2 \text{方程的非齐次项为}e^{\alpha x}cos\beta x\text{的形式，其中}\alpha =1,\ \beta =2 方程的非齐次项为eαxcosβx的形式，其中α=1, β=2
由于 1 + 2 i 为特征方程的特征根，所以特解需要多乘个 x \text{由于}1+2i\text{为特征方程的特征根，所以特解需要多乘个}x 由于1+2i为特征方程的特征根，所以特解需要多乘个x
特解形式为 y ∗ = x e x ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x ) \text{特解形式为}y^*=xe^x\left( A\cos 2x+B\sin 2x \right) 特解形式为y∗=xex(Acos2x+Bsin2x)
选A吗，那就错了，因为题目要求A，B不为零，所以我们要将特解带入看看A，B是否为0
设
f
(
x
)
=
A
cos
2
x
+
B
sin
2
x
\text{设}f\left( x \right) =A\cos 2x+B\sin 2x
设f(x)=Acos2x+Bsin2x
先把
f
′
(
x
)
f'(x)
f′(x)和
f
′
′
(
x
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f''(x)
f′′(x)求出来，后面会用到
f
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=
−
2
A
sin
2
x
+
2
B
cos
2
x
f'\left( x \right) =-2A\sin 2x+2B\cos 2x
f′(x)=−2Asin2x+2Bcos2x
f
′
′
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x
)
=
−
4
A
cos
2
x
−
4
B
sin
2
x
f''\left( x \right) =-4A\cos 2x-4B\sin 2x
f′′(x)=−4Acos2x−4Bsin2x
可以用
f
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f(x)
f(x)来简化
y
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y^*
y∗式子
y
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f
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y^*=xe^xf\left( x \right)
y∗=xexf(x)
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\begin{aligned} \left( y^* \right) '&=e^xf\left( x \right) +xe^xf\left( x \right) +xe^xf'\left( x \right) \\ &=e^xf\left( x \right) +xe^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] \end{aligned}
(y∗)′=exf(x)+xexf(x)+xexf′(x)=exf(x)+xex[f(x)+f′(x)]
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\begin{aligned} \left( y^* \right) ''&=e^xf\left( x \right) +e^xf'\left( x \right) +e^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] +xe^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] +xe^x\left[ f'\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] \\ &=e^x\left[ 2f\left( x \right) +2f'\left( x \right) \right] +xe^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +2f'\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] \end{aligned}
(y∗)′′=exf(x)+exf′(x)+ex[f(x)+f′(x)]+xex[f(x)+f′(x)]+xex[f′(x)+f′′(x)]=ex[2f(x)+2f′(x)]+xex[f(x)+2f′(x)+f′′(x)]
特解带入
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\begin{aligned} \left( y^* \right) ''-2\left( y^* \right) '+5y^*&=e^x\left[ 2f\left( x \right) +2f'\left( x \right) \right] +xe^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +2f'\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] -2e^xf\left( x \right) -2xe^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] +5xe^xf\left( x \right) \\ &=2e^xf'\left( x \right) +xe^x\left[ 4f\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] =e^xcos2x \end{aligned}
(y∗)′′−2(y∗)′+5y∗=ex[2f(x)+2f′(x)]+xex[f(x)+2f′(x)+f′′(x)]−2exf(x)−2xex[f(x)+f′(x)]+5xexf(x)=2exf′(x)+xex[4f(x)+f′′(x)]=excos2x
{
2
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cos
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0
⟹
{
−
4
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sin
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cos
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cos
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sin
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−
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⇒
{
A
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1
4
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} 2f'\left( x \right) =\cos 2x\\ 4f\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) =0\\ \end{array} \right. \Longrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l} -4A\sin 2x+4B\cos 2x=\cos 2x\\ 4A\cos 2x+4B\sin 2x-4A\cos 2x-4B\sin 2x=0\\ \end{array} \right. \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l} A=0\\ B=\frac{1}{4}\\ \end{array} \right.
{2f′(x)=cos2x4f(x)+f′′(x)=0⟹{−4Asin2x+4Bcos2x=cos2x4Acos2x+4Bsin2x−4Acos2x−4Bsin2x=0⇒{A=0B=41
特解为
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sin
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\text{特解为}y^*=xe^x\left( \frac{1}{4}\sin 2x \right)
特解为y∗=xex(41sin2x)
选D
解法2
如果忘记了特解的形式，可以直接将A、B选项带入，C、D选项不用带了，因为C、D选项是A选项的一部分
带入A的过程见解法1
这里写带入B的过程
设
f
(
x
)
=
A
cos
2
x
+
B
sin
2
x
\text{设}f\left( x \right) =A\cos 2x+B\sin 2x
设f(x)=Acos2x+Bsin2x
同样先把
f
′
(
x
)
f'(x)
f′(x)和
f
′
′
(
x
)
f''(x)
f′′(x)求出来，后面会用到
f
′
(
x
)
=
−
2
A
sin
2
x
+
2
B
cos
2
x
f'\left( x \right) =-2A\sin 2x+2B\cos 2x
f′(x)=−2Asin2x+2Bcos2x
f
′
′
(
x
)
=
−
4
A
cos
2
x
−
4
B
sin
2
x
f''\left( x \right) =-4A\cos 2x-4B\sin 2x
f′′(x)=−4Acos2x−4Bsin2x
可以用
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)来简化
y
∗
式
子
y^*式子
y∗式子
y
∗
=
e
x
f
(
x
)
y^*=e^xf\left( x \right)
y∗=exf(x)
(
y
∗
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′
=
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x
f
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x
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+
e
x
f
′
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x
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=
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x
[
f
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x
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+
f
′
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]
\begin{aligned} \left( y^* \right) '&=e^xf\left( x \right) +e^xf'\left( x \right) \\ &=e^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] \end{aligned}
(y∗)′=exf(x)+exf′(x)=ex[f(x)+f′(x)]
(
y
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=
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=
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f
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+
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+
f
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]
\begin{aligned} \left( y^* \right) ''&=e^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] +e^x\left[ f'\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] \\ &=e^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +2f'\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] \end{aligned}
(y∗)′′=ex[f(x)+f′(x)]+ex[f′(x)+f′′(x)]=ex[f(x)+2f′(x)+f′′(x)]
特解带入
(
y
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′
′
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2
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+
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=
0
≠
e
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x
\begin{aligned} \left( y^* \right) ''-2\left( y^* \right) '+5y^*&=e^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +2f'\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] -2e^x\left[ f\left( x \right) +f'\left( x \right) \right] +5e^xf\left( x \right)\\ &=e^x\left[ 4f\left( x \right) +f''\left( x \right) \right] =0\ne e^xcos2x\\ \end{aligned}
(y∗)′′−2(y∗)′+5y∗=ex[f(x)+2f′(x)+f′′(x)]−2ex[f(x)+f′(x)]+5exf(x)=ex[4f(x)+f′′(x)]=0=excos2x
B不正确
3041
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