视频讲解:23考研李林880第九章曲线积分与曲面积分综合题3-20
题目
设 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在 D = { ( x , y ) ∣ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 } D=\left\{ \left( x,y \right) |x^2+y^2\leq 1 \right\} D={(x,y)∣x2+y2≤1}上有二阶连续偏导数,且 ∂ 2 f ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 f ∂ y 2 = e − ( x 2 + y 2 ) \frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial y^2}=e^{-\left( x^2+y^2 \right)} ∂x2∂2f+∂y2∂2f=e−(x2+y2),计算 I = ∬ D ( x ∂ f ∂ x + y ∂ f ∂ y ) d x d y I=\iint\limits_D{\left( x\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+y\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right) dxdy} I=D∬(x∂x∂f+y∂y∂f)dxdy
解答
将二重积分做极坐标代换
∬
D
(
x
∂
f
∂
x
+
y
∂
f
∂
y
)
d
x
d
y
=
∫
0
2
π
d
θ
∫
0
1
(
r
cos
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
x
+
r
sin
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
y
)
⋅
r
d
r
\iint\limits_D{\left( x\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+y\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right) dxdy}=\int_0^{2\pi}{d\theta}\int_0^1{\left( r\cos \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+r\sin \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right)}\cdot rdr
D∬(x∂x∂f+y∂y∂f)dxdy=∫02πdθ∫01(rcosθ⋅∂x∂f+rsinθ⋅∂y∂f)⋅rdr
交换积分次序,先对
θ
\theta
θ进行积分,然后将一个
r
r
r移到外积分上
∫
0
1
d
r
∫
0
2
π
(
r
cos
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
x
+
r
sin
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
y
)
⋅
r
d
θ
=
∫
0
1
r
d
r
∫
0
2
π
(
r
cos
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
x
+
r
sin
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
y
)
d
θ
\int_0^1{dr}\int_0^{2\pi}{\left( r\cos \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+r\sin \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right)}\cdot rd\theta =\int_0^1{rdr}\int_0^{2\pi}{\left( r\cos \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+r\sin \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right)}d\theta
∫01dr∫02π(rcosθ⋅∂x∂f+rsinθ⋅∂y∂f)⋅rdθ=∫01rdr∫02π(rcosθ⋅∂x∂f+rsinθ⋅∂y∂f)dθ
先来计算内积分,这里r为定值
∫
0
2
π
(
r
cos
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
x
+
r
sin
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
y
)
d
θ
\int_0^{2\pi}{\left( r\cos \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+r\sin \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right)}d\theta
∫02π(rcosθ⋅∂x∂f+rsinθ⋅∂y∂f)dθ
由弧长公式可得
r
⋅
d
θ
=
d
s
r\cdot d\theta =ds
r⋅dθ=ds(这里
d
s
ds
ds其正负视为与
d
θ
d\theta
dθ的正负相对应),如图所示,所以对角度
θ
\theta
θ的积分可以转换为对半径为r的圆弧的线积分,该圆弧记为L,并且由于角度
θ
\theta
θ是从
0
0
0到
2
π
2\pi
2π变化的吗,所以L是以
(
r
,
0
)
(r,0)
(r,0)为起点逆时针绕一圈再回到终点
(
r
,
0
)
(r,0)
(r,0)
∴
∫
0
2
π
(
r
cos
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
x
+
r
sin
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
y
)
d
θ
=
∫
L
(
∂
f
∂
x
⋅
cos
θ
⋅
d
s
+
∂
f
∂
y
⋅
sin
θ
⋅
d
s
)
\therefore \int_0^{2\pi}{\left( r\cos \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+r\sin \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right)}d\theta =\int_L{\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cdot \cos \theta \cdot ds+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\cdot \sin \theta \cdot ds \right)}
∴∫02π(rcosθ⋅∂x∂f+rsinθ⋅∂y∂f)dθ=∫L(∂x∂f⋅cosθ⋅ds+∂y∂f⋅sinθ⋅ds)
由于
d
s
ds
ds是很小一段的弧长,所以可以认为是和圆弧相切的,以
d
s
ds
ds为斜边做一个直角三角形
放大看
可得
d
s
⋅
sin
θ
=
−
d
x
ds\cdot \sin \theta =-dx
ds⋅sinθ=−dx(为什么会有负号要注意x的变化和前面角度的变化相对应),
d
s
⋅
cos
θ
=
d
y
ds\cdot \cos \theta =dy
ds⋅cosθ=dy
∴
∫
L
(
∂
f
∂
x
⋅
cos
θ
⋅
d
s
+
∂
f
∂
y
⋅
sin
θ
⋅
d
s
)
=
∫
L
(
∂
f
∂
x
d
y
−
∂
f
∂
y
d
x
)
\therefore \int_L{\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\cdot \cos \theta \cdot ds+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\cdot \sin \theta \cdot ds \right)}=\int_L{\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dy-\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}dx \right)}
∴∫L(∂x∂f⋅cosθ⋅ds+∂y∂f⋅sinθ⋅ds)=∫L(∂x∂fdy−∂y∂fdx)
其实这里也可以通过做圆弧的单位法向量
n
⃗
=
(
c
o
s
θ
,
s
i
n
θ
)
\vec{n}=(cos\theta,sin\theta)
n=(cosθ,sinθ)(方向向外),如图所示,然后将其逆时针旋转90°再乘以
d
s
ds
ds获得对应的
d
x
,
d
y
dx,dy
dx,dy分量
当然还可以套用方向余弦的那个公式进行两类积分的转换,其中
θ
\theta
θ是与y轴的夹角,与x轴的夹角就是
θ
+
π
2
\theta +\frac{\pi}{2}
θ+2π,则
cos
(
θ
+
π
2
)
=
−
sin
θ
\cos \left( \theta +\frac{\pi}{2} \right) =-\sin \theta
cos(θ+2π)=−sinθ
然后,我们对于那个线积分的计算可以用格林公式,记曲线L围成的区域为
D
L
D_L
DL
∴
∫
L
(
∂
f
∂
x
d
y
−
∂
f
∂
y
d
x
)
=
∬
D
L
(
∂
2
f
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
f
∂
y
2
)
d
x
d
y
\therefore \int_L{\left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}dy-\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}dx \right)}=\iint\limits_{D_L}{\left( \frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial y^2} \right) dxdy}
∴∫L(∂x∂fdy−∂y∂fdx)=DL∬(∂x2∂2f+∂y2∂2f)dxdy
带入题目所给的条件得
∬
D
L
(
∂
2
f
∂
x
2
+
∂
2
f
∂
y
2
)
d
x
d
y
=
∬
D
L
e
−
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
d
x
d
y
\iint\limits_{D_L}{\left( \frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial ^2f}{\partial y^2} \right) dxdy}=\iint\limits_{D_L}{e^{-\left( x^2+y^2 \right)}dxdy}
DL∬(∂x2∂2f+∂y2∂2f)dxdy=DL∬e−(x2+y2)dxdy
做极坐标变换,注意积分区域是半径为
r
r
r的圆,为了避免和被积函数中的混淆,被积函数中采用
ρ
\rho
ρ来表示极径,即x与y是做的如下代换
{
x
=
ρ
cos
θ
y
=
ρ
sin
θ
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} x=\rho \cos \theta\\ y=\rho \sin \theta\\ \end{array} \right.
{x=ρcosθy=ρsinθ
∬ D L e − ( x 2 + y 2 ) d x d y = ∫ 0 2 π d θ ∫ 0 r ρ e − ρ 2 d ρ = − π ( e − r 2 − 1 ) \iint\limits_{D_L}{e^{-\left( x^2+y^2 \right)}dxdy}=\int_0^{2\pi}{d\theta}\int_0^r{\rho e^{-\rho ^2}d\rho}=-\pi \left( e^{-r^2}-1 \right) DL∬e−(x2+y2)dxdy=∫02πdθ∫0rρe−ρ2dρ=−π(e−r2−1)
我们这里算得的是内积分,即
∫
0
2
π
(
r
cos
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
x
+
r
sin
θ
⋅
∂
f
∂
y
)
d
θ
=
−
π
(
e
−
r
2
−
1
)
\int_0^{2\pi}{\left( r\cos \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+r\sin \theta \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right)}d\theta =-\pi \left( e^{-r^2}-1 \right)
∫02π(rcosθ⋅∂x∂f+rsinθ⋅∂y∂f)dθ=−π(e−r2−1)
再算外积分
∫ 0 1 − π ( e − r 2 − 1 ) ⋅ r d r = π 2 e − 1 \int_0^1{-\pi \left( e^{-r^2}-1 \right) \cdot rdr}=\frac{\pi}{2}e^{-1} ∫01−π(e−r2−1)⋅rdr=2πe−1