C++11 静态断言(static_assert)

assert(3) - Linux manual pagehttps://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/assert.3.html 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    char* ptr = NULL;
    printf("%p\n",ptr);
    assert(ptr != NULL);
    //我断定ptr不可能是空,如果ptr是空,我就报警
    //c_project: ../c_project/main.c:9: main: Assertion `ptr != NULL' failed.
    //次方法可以检查野指针
}

/* Copyright (C) 1991-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   This file is part of the GNU C Library.

   The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

   The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
   Lesser General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
   <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */

/*
 *	ISO C99 Standard: 7.2 Diagnostics	<assert.h>
 */

#ifdef	_ASSERT_H

# undef	_ASSERT_H
# undef	assert
# undef __ASSERT_VOID_CAST

# ifdef	__USE_GNU
#  undef assert_perror
# endif

#endif /* assert.h	*/

#define	_ASSERT_H	1
#include <features.h>

#if defined __cplusplus && __GNUC_PREREQ (2,95)
# define __ASSERT_VOID_CAST static_cast<void>
#else
# define __ASSERT_VOID_CAST (void)
#endif

/* void assert (int expression);

   If NDEBUG is defined, do nothing.
   If not, and EXPRESSION is zero, print an error message and abort.  */

#ifdef	NDEBUG

# define assert(expr)		(__ASSERT_VOID_CAST (0))

/* void assert_perror (int errnum);

   If NDEBUG is defined, do nothing.  If not, and ERRNUM is not zero, print an
   error message with the error text for ERRNUM and abort.
   (This is a GNU extension.) */

# ifdef	__USE_GNU
#  define assert_perror(errnum)	(__ASSERT_VOID_CAST (0))
# endif

#else /* Not NDEBUG.  */

#ifndef _ASSERT_H_DECLS
#define _ASSERT_H_DECLS
__BEGIN_DECLS

/* This prints an "Assertion failed" message and aborts.  */
extern void __assert_fail (const char *__assertion, const char *__file,
			   unsigned int __line, const char *__function)
     __THROW __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));

/* Likewise, but prints the error text for ERRNUM.  */
extern void __assert_perror_fail (int __errnum, const char *__file,
				  unsigned int __line, const char *__function)
     __THROW __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));


/* The following is not at all used here but needed for standard
   compliance.  */
extern void __assert (const char *__assertion, const char *__file, int __line)
     __THROW __attribute__ ((__noreturn__));


__END_DECLS
#endif /* Not _ASSERT_H_DECLS */

/* When possible, define assert so that it does not add extra
   parentheses around EXPR.  Otherwise, those added parentheses would
   suppress warnings we'd expect to be detected by gcc's -Wparentheses.  */
# if defined __cplusplus
#  define assert(expr)							\
     (static_cast <bool> (expr)						\
      ? void (0)							\
      : __assert_fail (#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __ASSERT_FUNCTION))
# elif !defined __GNUC__ || defined __STRICT_ANSI__
#  define assert(expr)							\
    ((expr)								\
     ? __ASSERT_VOID_CAST (0)						\
     : __assert_fail (#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __ASSERT_FUNCTION))
# else
/* The first occurrence of EXPR is not evaluated due to the sizeof,
   but will trigger any pedantic warnings masked by the __extension__
   for the second occurrence.  The ternary operator is required to
   support function pointers and bit fields in this context, and to
   suppress the evaluation of variable length arrays.  */
#  define assert(expr)							\
  ((void) sizeof ((expr) ? 1 : 0), __extension__ ({			\
      if (expr)								\
        ; /* empty */							\
      else								\
        __assert_fail (#expr, __FILE__, __LINE__, __ASSERT_FUNCTION);	\
    }))
# endif

# ifdef	__USE_GNU
#  define assert_perror(errnum)						\
  (!(errnum)								\
   ? __ASSERT_VOID_CAST (0)						\
   : __assert_perror_fail ((errnum), __FILE__, __LINE__, __ASSERT_FUNCTION))
# endif

/* Version 2.4 and later of GCC define a magical variable `__PRETTY_FUNCTION__'
   which contains the name of the function currently being defined.
   This is broken in G++ before version 2.6.
   C9x has a similar variable called __func__, but prefer the GCC one since
   it demangles C++ function names.  */
# if defined __cplusplus ? __GNUC_PREREQ (2, 6) : __GNUC_PREREQ (2, 4)
#   define __ASSERT_FUNCTION	__extension__ __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
# else
#  if defined __STDC_VERSION__ && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
#   define __ASSERT_FUNCTION	__func__
#  else
#   define __ASSERT_FUNCTION	((const char *) 0)
#  endif
# endif

#endif /* NDEBUG.  */


#if defined __USE_ISOC11 && !defined __cplusplus
# undef static_assert
# define static_assert _Static_assert
#endif

简介

C++0x中引入了static_assert这个关键字，用来做编译期间的断言，因此叫做静态断言。

其语法很简单：static_assert(常量表达式，提示字符串)。

如果第一个参数常量表达式的值为真(true或者非零值)，那么static_assert不做任何事情，就像它不存在一样，否则会产生一条编译错误，错误位置就是该static_assert语句所在行，错误提示就是第二个参数提示字符串。

说明

使用static_assert，我们可以在编译期间发现更多的错误，用编译器来强制保证一些契约，并帮助我们改善编译信息的可读性，尤其是用于模板的时候。

static_assert可以用在全局作用域中，命名空间中，类作用域中，函数作用域中，几乎可以不受限制的使用。

编译器在遇到一个static_assert语句时，通常立刻将其第一个参数作为常量表达式进行演算，但如果该常量表达式依赖于某些模板参数，则延迟到模板实例化时再进行演算，这就让检查模板参数成为了可能。

由于之前有望加入C++0x标准的concepts提案最终被否决了，因此对于检查模板参数是否符合期望的重任，就要靠static_assert来完成了，所以如何构造适当的常量表达式，将是一个值得探讨的话题。

性能方面，由于是static_assert编译期间断言，不生成目标代码，因此static_assert不会造成任何运行期性能损失。