线代代数考研复习

火舞炫风

已于 2023-12-14 15:40:52 修改

阅读量168

点赞数

文章标签：线性代数

于 2023-09-02 16:25:31 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_51884709/article/details/131958595

版权

行列式的计算

定理：不同行(列)元素乘对应不同行(列)代数余子式之和为0

|A|是n阶行列式，若其中一行(列)全是1，则该行列式

全部元素的代数余子式之和等于该行列式的值

克拉默法则

若n个方程n各未知数的线性方程组

$eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20a_%7B11%7Dx_1+a_%7B12%7Dx_2+......+a_%7B1n%7Dx_n%3Db_1%5C%5C%20a_%7B21%7Dx_1+a_%7B22%7Dx_2+......+a_%7B2n%7Dx_n%3Db_2%5C%5C%20.%5C%5C.%5C%5C%20a_%7Bn1%7Dx_1+a_%7Bn2%7Dx_2+......+a_%7Bnn%7Dx_n%3Db_n%5C%5C%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

的系数行列式D不为0

$eq?x_i%3D%5Cfrac%7BD_i%7D%7BD%7D$ $eq?D_i$ 为将第i列换为b所构成的行列式的值

$eq?A%5E*%3D%7CA%7CA%5E%7B-1%7D%2C%28A%5E*%29%5E*%3D%28%7CA%7CA%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5E*%3D%28%7C%7CA%7CA%5E%7B-1%7D%7C%29%28%7CA%7CA%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5E%7B-1%7D%3D%7CA%7C%5E%7Bn-1%7D%5Cfrac%7BA%7D%7B%7CA%7C%7D%3D%7CA%7C%5E%7Bn-2%7DA$

   $eq?%7CA%7C%3Da%2C%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20A%20%26%20%5Calpha%20%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20%5ET%20%26%20b%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D%20%3D0$ ，则 $eq?%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20A%20%26%20%5Calpha%20%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20%5ET%20%26%20c%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D$

         $eq?%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20A%20%26%20%5Calpha%20%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20%5ET%20%26c%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D%3D%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20A%20%26%20%5Calpha%20+0%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20%5ET%20%26b+c-b%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D%20%3D%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20A%20%26%20%5Calpha%20%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20%5ET%20%26b%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D+%20%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20A%20%26%200%20%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20%5ET%20%26c-b%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D%3Da%28c-b%29$

三对角行列式的计算

$eq?D_n%3D%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20a%20%26b%20%260%20%26...%260%20%260%5C%5C%20c%26%20a%20%26b%20%26%20...%20%260%20%260%20%5C%5C%200%26c%20%26a%20%26...%20%260%20%26%200%20%5C%5C%20%3A%26%3A%20%26%20%3A%26%20%26%20%3A%26%3A%5C%5C%200%26%200%20%26%200%26...%20%26a%20%26b%20%5C%5C%200%26%200%20%26%200%26...%20%26c%20%26a%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D$

行列式展开

$eq?D_n%3DaD_%7Bn-1%7D-b%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20c%20%26b%20%26%20...%20%260%20%260%20%5C%5C%200%20%26a%20%26...%20%260%20%26%200%20%5C%5C%20%3A%26%3A%20%26%20%3A%26%20%26%20%3A%5C%5C%200%20%26%200%26...%20%26a%20%26b%20%5C%5C%200%20%26%200%26...%20%26c%20%26a%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D%3DaD_%7Bn-1%7D-bcD_%7Bn-2%7D$

构造二次方程： $eq?x%5E2-ax+bc%3D0$

解出两实根： $eq?%5Calpha%20%2C%5Cbeta$

(1) $eq?%5Calpha%20%5Cneq%20%5Cbeta$ ，则 $eq?D_n%3Dx_n%3DA%5Calpha%20%5En+B%5Cbeta%20%5En$

(2) $eq?%5Calpha%20%3D%20%5Cbeta$ ，则 $eq?D_n%3Dx_n%3D%28A+Bn%29%5Calpha%20%5En$

根据 $eq?D_1%3Da%2CD_2%3Da%5E2-bc%5CRightarrow%20A%2CB$

已知三阶方阵A的特征值为1，-2，-3，则A

的行列式|A|中元素 $eq?a_%7B11%7D%2Ca_%7B22%7D%2Ca_%7B33%7D$ 得代数余子式

得和 $eq?A_%7B11%7D+A_%7B22%7D+A_%7B33%7D$

     $eq?A%5E*%3D%7CA%7CA%5E%7B-1%7D%2C%5Clambda%20_%7BA%5E*%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%7CA%7C%7D%7B%5Clambda%20_A%7D$

   $eq?A_%7B11%7D+A_%7B22%7D+A_%7B33%7D%3D%5Csum%20%5Clambda%20_%7BA%5E*%7D%3D-5$

矩阵

初等矩阵

经过一次初等变换得到的矩阵

正交矩阵

AA^T=A^TA=E，|A|^2=1

正交矩阵得行里向量长度均为1，行列向量均正交

定理

1. n阶矩阵A可逆=>A与单位矩阵等价

2. 矩阵A，B等价得充分必要条件是存在可逆矩阵

P,Q使得PAQ=B

A,B可以互相线性表示

对于AB=C，若A是m*n矩阵，B是n*s矩阵

①对B，C按行分块

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20a_%7B11%7D%20%26a_%7B12%7D%20%26...%20%26a_%7B1n%7D%20%5C%5C%20a_%7B21%7D%20%26a_%7B22%7D%20%26...%20%26a_%7B2n%7D%20%5C%5C%20%3A%26%20%3A%20%26%20%26%3A%20%5C%5C%20a_%7Bm1%7D%20%26a_%7Bm2%7D%20%26...%20%26a_%7Bmn%7D%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Cbeta%20_1%5C%5C%20%5Cbeta%20_2%5C%5C%20%3A%5C%5C%5Cbeta%20_n%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Calpha%20_1%5C%5C%20%5Calpha%20_2%5C%5C%20%3A%5C%5C%20%5Calpha%20_m%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

有

$eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20a_%7B11%7D%5Cbeta%20_1+a_%7B12%7D%5Cbeta%20_2+...+a_%7B1n%7D%5Cbeta_n%3D%5Calpha%20_1%5C%5C%20a_%7B21%7D%5Cbeta%20_1+a_%7B22%7D%5Cbeta%20_2+...+a_%7B2n%7D%5Cbeta_n%3D%5Calpha%20_2%5C%5C%20%3A%5C%5C%20a_%7Bm1%7D%5Cbeta%20_1+a_%7Bm2%7D%5Cbeta%20_2+...+a_%7Bmn%7D%5Cbeta_n%3D%5Calpha%20_m%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

可知C的行向量可由B的行向量线性表示

②对矩阵A,C按列分块

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Cgamma%20_1%2C%20%5Cgamma%20_2%2C...%20%5Cgamma%20_n%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20b_%7B11%7D%20%26b_%7B12%7D%20%26...%20%26b_%7B1s%7D%20%5C%5C%20b_%7B21%7D%20%26b_%7B22%7D%20%26...%20%26b_%7B2s%7D%20%5C%5C%20%3A%26%20%3A%20%26%20%26%3A%20%5C%5C%20b_%7Bn1%7D%20%26a_%7Bn2%7D%20%26...%20%26a_%7Bns%7D%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Cdelta%20_1%2C%5Cdelta%20_2%2C...%5Cdelta%20_s%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

有

$eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20b_%7B11%7D%5Cgamma%20_1+b_%7B12%7D%5Cgamma%20_2+...+b_%7B1s%7D%5Cgamma_n%3D%5Cdelta%20_1%5C%5C%20b_%7B21%7D%5Cgamma%20_1+b_%7B22%7D%5Cgamma%20_2+...+b_%7B2s%7D%5Cgamma_n%3D%5Cdelta%20_2%5C%5C%20%3A%5C%5C%20b_%7Bn1%7D%5Cgamma%20_1+b_%7Bn2%7D%5Cgamma%20_2+...+b_%7Bns%7D%5Cgamma_n%3D%5Cdelta%20_s%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

可知C的列向量可由A的列向量线性表示

矩阵运算

由AB=AC,A≠O不能得出B=C

$eq?%5Calpha%20%5Cbeta%5ET$ 与 $eq?%5Calpha%20%5ET%5Cbeta$

1. $eq?%5Calpha%20%5ET%5Cbeta$ 是矩阵 $eq?%5Calpha%20%5Cbeta%5ET$ 的主对角线之和

2. 对于A= $eq?%5Calpha%20%5Cbeta%5ET$ ， $eq?A%5En%3Dl%5E%7Bn-1%7DA%2Cl%3D%5Csum%20a_%7Bii%7D$

3. $eq?r%28A%5E*%29%3D%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20n%20%26r%28A%29%3Dn%20%5C%5C%201%20%26%20r%28A%29%3Dn-1%5C%5C%200%26r%28A%29%3Cn-1%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

行最简矩阵

非零行的主元都是1，且主元所在列其他元素都是0

设A是三界可逆矩阵，把A得第一列倍加到第二列

得到B，B*可由

$eq?AE_%7B12%7D%282%29%3DB%2CB%5E*%3D%7CB%7CB%5E%7B-1%7D%3D%7CA%7CE%5E%7B-1%7D_%7B12%7D%282%29A%5E%7B-1%7D%3DE_%7B12%7D%28-2%29A%5E*$

$eq?E_%7Bij%7D%28k%29$ 相当于将第i列得k倍加到第j列或者

第j行得k倍加到第i列

$eq?E%5E%7B-1%7D_%7Bij%7D%28k%29%3DE_%7Bij%7D%28-k%29%2CE%5E%7B-1%7D_%7Bi%7D%28k%29%3DE_%7Bi%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bk%7D%29$

已知A,B均为n阶矩阵，且E-AB可逆

证明：E-BA可逆

①因为E-AB可逆，故存在可逆矩阵设为C

有 C(E-AB)=E

C-CAB=E

同时左乘B右乘A

有 BCA-BCABA=BA

(BCA+E)(E-BA)=E

故E-BA存在可逆矩阵为

BCA+E

②初等变换

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20E%20%26%20A%5C%5C%20B%20%26%20E%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20E%20%26%20A%5C%5C%20O%20%26%20E-AB%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20E%20%26%20A%5C%5C%20B%20%26%20E%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20E-BA%20%26%20O%5C%5C%20B%20%26%20E%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D$

E-AB可逆所以E-BA也可逆

线性方程组

1. 任何部分组相关则整体组相关

整体组无关则任何部分组无关

2. 向量组线性无关，则其延伸组无关

向量组线性相关，其缩短组必相关

3. 向量组 $eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2%2C...%5Calpha%20_s$ 线性无关

$eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2%2C...%5Calpha%20_s%2C%5Cbeta$ 线性相关

则， $eq?%5Cbeta$ 可由 $eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2%2C...%5Calpha%20_s$ 线性表示，且表示法唯一

4. 向量组 $eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2%2C...%5Calpha%20_s$ ，可由向量组 $eq?%5Cbeta%20_1%2C%5Cbeta%20_2%2C...%5Cbeta%20_t$

线性表出，且s>t，那么 $eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2%2C...%5Calpha%20_s$ 必线性相关

推论：

① $eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2%2C...%5Calpha%20_s$ 线性无关，它可由 $eq?%5Cbeta%20_1%2C%5Cbeta%20_2%2C...%5Cbeta%20_t$

线性表出，则s≤t

②n个向量最多可以表示的线性无关的向量个数为n

③n+1个n维向量必线性相关

向量空间

方程组的极大线性无关组即为向量空间V的基底

基中所含向量个数称为向量空间V的维数

规范正交基

一组基满足基中向量长度均为1，两两正交

设A为实矩阵，且 $eq?A_%7Bij%7D%3D-a_%7Bij%7D$ , $eq?a_%7B22%7D%3D-1$

$eq?%7CA%7C%3D-1$ ,则方程组

$eq?A%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20x_1%5C%5C%20x_2%5C%5C%20x_3%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%200%5C%5C2%5C%5C%200%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?%7CA%7C%3D-1%3D-a%5E2_%7B21%7D-a%5E2_%7B22%7D-a%5E2_%7B23%7D%5CRightarrow%20a_%7B21%7D%3Da_%7B23%7D%3D0$

$eq?A_%7Bij%7D%3D-a_%7Bij%7D%5CRightarrow%20A%5E*%3D-A%5ET$

$eq?A%5E*A%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20x_1%5C%5C%20x_2%5C%5C%20x_3%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3D-A%5ET%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%200%5C%5C2%5C%5C%200%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow%20%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20x_1%5C%5C%20x_2%5C%5C%20x_3%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%200%5C%5C%20-2%5C%5C%200%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

设A，B均为n阶方阵，则方程组Ax=0,Bx=0

有非零公共解的充分条件

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20A%5C%5C%20B%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7Dx%3D0$ ，所以 $eq?r%28%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20A%5C%5C%20B%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%29%3Cn$

特征值与特征向量

1. 设A,B都是n阶矩阵，若果存在可逆矩阵P

使得 P^-1AP=B，则A与B相似

2. 若 $eq?%5Calpha%20_1%2C%5Calpha%20_2$ 是A的不同特征值的特征向量，则

$eq?%5Calpha%20_1+%5Calpha%20_2$ 不是A的特征向量

3. n阶方阵A可对角化的充分必要条件是

A有n个线性无关的特征向量

4. n阶方阵A可对角化的充分必要条件是其每个特征值

线性无关的特征向量个数等于特征值重数

5. 实对称矩阵比可对角化

不同特征值对应特征向量必正交

施密特正交化

$eq?%5Cbeta%20_1%3D%5Calpha%20_1$

$eq?%5Cbeta%20_2%3D%5Calpha%20_2-%5Cfrac%7B%28%5Calpha%20_2%2C%5Cbeta%20_1%29%7D%7B%28%5Cbeta%20_1%2C%5Cbeta%20_1%29%7D%5Cbeta%20_1$

$eq?%5Cbeta%20_2%3D%5Calpha%20_3-%5Cfrac%7B%28%5Calpha%20_3%2C%5Cbeta%20_1%29%7D%7B%28%5Cbeta%20_1%2C%5Cbeta%20_1%29%7D%5Cbeta%20_1-%5Cfrac%7B%28%5Calpha%20_3%2C%5Cbeta%20_2%29%7D%7B%28%5Cbeta%20_2%2C%5Cbeta%20_2%29%7D%5Cbeta%20_2$

相似矩阵

如果 $eq?P%5E%7B-1%7DAP%3DB%2CA%5Calpha%20%3D%5Clambda%20%5Calpha%20%2C%5Calpha%20%5Cneq%200$

$eq?B%28P%5E%7B-1%7D%5Calpha%20%29%3D%28P%5E%7B-1%7DAP%29%28P%5E%7B-1%7D%5Calpha%20%29%3DP%5E%7B-1%7DA%5Calpha%20%3D%5Clambda%20%28P%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5Calpha$

已知三阶矩阵A满足|A-E|=|A-2E|=|A+E|=a

当a=2时，求行列式|A+3E|的值

设 $eq?f%28%5Clambda%20%29%3D%7C%5Clambda%20E-A%7C%2Cg%28%5Clambda%29%3Df%28%5Clambda%29+2$

$eq?g%281%29%3Df%281%29+2%3D%7CE-A%7C+2%3D0$

$eq?g%282%29%3Df%282%29+2%3D%7C2E-A%7C+2%3D0$

$eq?g%28-1%29%3Df%28-1%29+2%3D%7C-E-A%7C+2%3D0$

所以 $eq?g%28%5Clambda%29%3D%28%5Clambda-1%29%28%5Clambda-2%29%28%5Clambda+1%29$

$eq?f%28%5Clambda%29%3Dg%28%5Clambda%29-2%3D%5Clambda%28%5Clambda%5E2-2%5Clambda-1%29$

解得 $eq?$ A得特征值为 $eq?0%2C1+%5Csqrt%7B2%7D%2C1-%5Csqrt2$

所以 $eq?%7CA+3E%7C%3D42$

$eq?$

设A是三阶方阵， $eq?%5Calpha$ 时=是三维列向量若 $eq?%5Calpha%20%2CA%5Calpha%2CA%5E2%5Calpha$

线性无关，且满足 $eq?A%5E3%5Calpha%20-2A%5E2%5Calpha%20-A%5Calpha%20+2%5Calpha%20%3D0$

（1）求A的特征值

$eq?A%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Calpha%20%26A%5Calpha%20%26A%5E2%5Calpha%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Calpha%20%26A%5Calpha%20%26A%5E2%5Calpha%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%200%20%260%20%26-2%20%5C%5C%201%20%260%20%261%20%5C%5C%200%20%261%20%262%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?%7C%5Clambda%20E-B%7C%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Clambda%20%260%20%262%20%5C%5C%20-1%26%5Clambda%20%26-1%20%5C%5C%200%26-1%20%26%5Clambda-2%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%3D%28%5Clambda+1%29%28%5Clambda-1%29%28%5Clambda-2%29$

（2）A的特征向量

若 $eq?%5Clambda$ 是B的一个特征值， $eq?%5Cxi$ 是相应的特征向量

$eq?P%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Calpha%20%26A%5Calpha%20%26A%5E2%5Calpha%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?A%28P%5Cxi%29%3DPBP%5E%7B-1%7D%28P%5Cxi%29$

所以 $eq?P%5Cxi$ 是A的特征向量

对于B $eq?%5Clambda%20_1%3D-1%2C%5Cxi%20_1%3D%5B2%2C-3%2C1%5D%5ET$

$eq?%5Clambda%20_2%3D1%2C%5Cxi%20_2%3D%5B-2%2C-1%2C1%5D%5ET$

$eq?%5Clambda%20_3%3D-2%2C%5Cxi%20_3%3D%5B-1%2C0%2C1%5D%5ET$

所以A对应的特征向量 $eq?P%5Cxi$

设 $eq?A%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%202%20%260%20%260%20%5C%5C%200%262%20%261%20%5C%5C%200%261%20%262%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$ ,求正交矩阵Q,使 $eq?%28AQ%5ET%29%28AQ%29$

为正交矩阵

（1）求出特征值及特征向量

（2）特征向量单位化正交化

（3） $eq?Q%5ETAQ%3D%5CLambda$

（4） $eq?%28AQ%29%5ET%28AQ%29%3DQ%5ETA%5E2Q%3D%28Q%5ETAQ%29%5E2%3D%5CLambda%20%5E2$

设 $eq?A%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%200%261%20%260%20%260%5C%5C%201%260%20%260%20%260%5C%5C%200%260%20%262%261%20%5C%5C0%260%261%262%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$ ,求 $eq?%28AP%5ET%29%28AP%29$ 为对角矩阵

$eq?A%5E2%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%260%20%260%5C%5C%200%261%20%260%20%260%5C%5C%200%260%20%265%264%5C%5C0%260%264%265%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

逆线性变换

$eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20y_1%3Dx_1%5C%5C%20y_2%3Dx_2%5C%5C%20y_3%3Dx_3+%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B5%7Dx_4%5C%5C%20y_4%3Dx_4%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

则可得到P

二次型

1.任一n阶实对称矩阵A，总可以合同一对角矩阵

2. 对于给定的二次型无论怎么坐标变换

正负惯性指数不变

3.对于任一个n元二次型 $eq?x%5ETAx$ ,其中A是实对称矩阵

必存在正交变换 $eq?x%3DQy$ ，使得 $eq?x%5ETAx$ 化成标准型

$eq?%5Clambda%20_1y%5E2_1+%5Clambda%20_2y%5E2_2+...+%5Clambda%20_ny%5E2_n$

4.n元二次型 $eq?x%5ETAx$ ,正定的充分必要条件

1）正惯性指数为n

2）A与E合同，存在可逆矩阵C, $eq?C%5ETAC%3DE$

3）所有特征值均为正数

4）各阶顺序主子式均大于0

已知 $eq?A%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%261%20%260%20%5C%5C%201%262%20%26-1%20%5C%5C%200%26-1%20%26-4%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%2C%20%5CLambda%20%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%260%20%5C%5C%200%261%20%260%20%5C%5C%200%260%20%26-5%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%2C$

若有可逆矩阵C使得 $eq?C%5ETAC%3D%5CLambda$ ，则C

（1）对A做成对的初等变换，对E做初等行变换

$eq?%5BA%7CE%5D%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%261%20%260%20%26%7C%20%261%20%26%20%26%20%5C%5C%201%20%262%20%26-1%20%26%7C%20%26%20%261%20%26%20%5C%5C%200%26%20-1%20%26-4%20%26%7C%20%26%20%26%20%261%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%260%20%26%7C%20%261%20%26%20%26%20%5C%5C%200%20%261%20%26-1%20%26%7C%20%26-1%20%261%20%26%20%5C%5C%200%26%20-1%20%26-4%20%26%7C%20%26%20%26%20%261%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%260%20%26%7C%20%261%20%26%20%26%20%5C%5C%200%20%261%20%260%20%26%7C%20%26-1%20%261%20%26%20%5C%5C%200%26%200%20%26-5%20%26%7C%20%26%20-1%261%20%261%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3D%5B%5CLambda%7CC%5ET%5D$

(2)求出特征值及对应特征向量组成C

若可逆矩阵D满足 $eq?D%5ETD%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%26-1%20%261%20%5C%5C%20-1%26%202%20%26-3%20%5C%5C%201%26%20-3%20%26%206%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

对D^TED做成对的初等行列变换，E做逆行变换

$eq?%5BD%5ETED%7CE%5D%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%26-1%20%261%20%26%7C%261%26%26%5C%5C%20-1%26%202%20%26-3%20%26%7C%26%261%26%5C%5C%201%26%20-3%20%26%206%20%26%7C%26%26%261%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%261%20%26%7C%261%26%26%5C%5C%200%26%201%20%26-2%20%26%7C%26-1%261%26%5C%5C%201%26%20-2%20%26%206%20%26%7C%26%26%261%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%260%20%26%7C%261%26%26%5C%5C%200%26%201%20%26-2%20%26%7C%26-1%261%26%5C%5C%200%26%20-2%20%26%206%20%26%7C%261%26%261%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5CRightarrow$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%20%260%20%260%20%26%7C%261%26%26%5C%5C%200%26%201%20%260%20%26%7C%26-1%261%26%5C%5C%200%26%200%20%26%201%20%26%7C%261%26-2%261%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3D%5BE%7CD%5ET%5D$

已知 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29%3Dx%5E2+4xy+y%5E2$ ,求正交变换

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20x%5C%5C%20y%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3DP%20%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20u%5C%5C%20v%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$ ,使得 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29%3D%3D2u%5E2+2%5Csqrt3uv$

$eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20x%26y%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%262%5C%5C%202%261%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20x%5C%5C%20y%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20u%26v%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%202%26%5Csqrt3%5C%5C%20%5Csqrt3%260%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20u%5C%5Cv%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?A%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%262%5C%5C%202%261%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$ 的两个特征向量 $eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%5C%5C1%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%2C%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%5C%5C-1%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?B%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%202%26%5Csqrt3%5C%5C%20%5Csqrt3%260%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$ 的两个特征向量 $eq?%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Csqrt3%5C%5C1%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%2C%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%5C%5C-%5Csqrt3%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?Q_1%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%201%261%20%5C%5C%201%26%20-1%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%2C%20Q_2%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Csqrt3%261%20%5C%5C%201%26%20-%5Csqrt3%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$

$eq?Q_1%5ETAQ_1%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%203%20%26%20%5C%5C%20%26%20-1%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D%3DQ_2%5ETBQ_2$

故 $eq?P%3DQ_1Q_2%5ET%3DQ_1Q_2%3D%5Cbegin%7Bbmatrix%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1+%5Csqrt3%7D%7B2%5Csqrt2%7D%20%26%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Csqrt3%7D%7B2%5Csqrt2%7D%20%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7B-1+%5Csqrt3%7D%7B2%5Csqrt2%7D%26%5Cfrac%7B1+%5Csqrt3%7D%7B2%5Csqrt2%7D%20%5Cend%7Bbmatrix%7D$