【Python】计算点到线段的距离

计算点到线段的距离，需要分为三种情况进行讨论：（1）点在线段上，距离为0；（2）点的投影在线段上，距离等效于点到直线的距离；（3）点的投影在线段外，距离为点到最近线段端点的距离。

代码如下：

import math

def point_to_line_distance(point, line_start, line_end):
    eps = 1e-6

    def sign(x):
        if abs(x) < eps:
            return 0
        return 1 if x > 0 else -1

    def distance(a, b):
        return math.sqrt((a[0] - b[0])**2 + (a[1] - b[1])**2)

    def cross_product(a, b, c):
        return (b[0] - a[0]) * (c[1] - a[1]) - (c[0] - a[0]) * (b[1] - a[1])

    def dot_product(a, b):
        return a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1]

    s1 = (line_end[0] - line_start[0], line_end[1] - line_start[1])
    s2 = (point[0] - line_start[0], point[1] - line_start[1])
    s3 = (point[0] - line_end[0], point[1] - line_end[1])

    if line_start[0] == line_end[0] and line_start[1] == line_end[1]:
        return distance(point, line_start)

    if sign(dot_product(s1, s2)) < 0:
        return distance(point, line_start)
    elif sign(dot_product(s1, s3)) > 0:
        return distance(point, line_end)
    else:
        return abs(cross_product(line_start, point, line_end)) / distance(line_start, line_end)

# 测试代码
a = (3, 3)
b = (1, 0)
c = (2, 0)
print(point_to_line_distance(a, b, c))