static magnetic field
Ampere’s force law
d F ⃗ = I d l ⃗ × B ⃗ (1) \tag{1}d\vec F=Id\vec l\times \vec B dF=Idl×B(1)
Magnetic flux density B ⃗ \vec B B
Biot-Savart law : d B ⃗ = μ 0 4 π ⋅ I d l ⃗ × e r ⃗ r 2 (2) \tag{2}d\vec B=\dfrac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\cdot \dfrac{Id\vec l\times\vec {e_r}}{r^2} dB=4πμ0⋅r2Idl×er(2)
Natures of static magnetic field
无源性
∇
⋅
B
⃗
(
r
)
=
0
(3)
\tag{3}\nabla\cdot\vec B(r)=0
∇⋅B(r)=0(3)
Note:磁场的散度恒为零，对应着自然界不存在磁单极子
有旋性
∇
×
B
⃗
(
r
)
=
μ
0
J
⃗
(
r
)
(4)
\tag{4}\nabla\times\vec B(r)=\mu_0\vec J(r)
∇×B(r)=μ0J(r)(4)
Note:磁场为有旋场，意味着在其闭合回路上一周不为零，即磁场不是保守场
磁通连续性
∮
s
B
⃗
⋅
d
S
⃗
=
0
(5)
\tag{5}\oint_s\vec B\cdot d\vec S=0
∮sB⋅dS=0(5)
Note:磁感应强度穿过闭合面的磁通量恒为零，意味着磁场线是闭合的
The introduction of magnetic vector potential
By loading Del’s nature: ∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × F ⃗ ) = 0 \nabla\cdot(\nabla\times\vec F)=0 ∇⋅(∇×F)=0 , and we have known equation(3)
Thus, it’s natural to assume B ⃗ = ∇ × A ⃗ \vec B=\nabla\times \vec A B=∇×A , while A ⃗ \vec A A was named magnetic vector potential
However, it’s crucial to define
A
⃗
\vec A
A's divegence (otherwise, it cannot be certained exclusively
库伦规范 ：
∇
⋅
A
=
0
\nabla\cdot A=0
∇⋅A=0
Ampere’s law in vaccum
∮
l
B
⃗
d
l
⃗
=
μ
0
∑
I
(6)
\tag{6}\oint_l\vec Bd\vec l=\mu_0\sum I
∮lBdl=μ0∑I(6)
Note:选取
l
⃗
\vec l
l 的方向，进而结合右手螺旋定则确定
I
I
I 的正方向
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