文章目录
1. 主从简介
1.1 主从作用
实时灾备,用于故障切换
读写分离,提供查询服务
备份,避免影响业务
1.2 主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能,因为读是在从库读取的
- 多主一从—5.7开始支持
- 联级复制
2. 主从复制原理
主从复制步骤:
主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程,将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程,一个I/O线程,一个SQL线程
I/O线程去请求主库的binlog,并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log(中继日志) 文件中
SQL线程,会读取relay log文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,达到最终数据一致的目的
3. 主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤:
1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
3 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
4 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)
需求:
搭建两台MySQL服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作
环境说明:
数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
---|---|---|---|
主数据库 | 192.168.106.16 | centos8/redhat8mysql-5.7 | 有数据 |
从数据库 | 192.168.106.19 | centos8/redhat8mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
3.1 mysql安装
分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本,此处略过安装步骤,若有疑问请参考《二进制安装MySQL以及密码破解》
3.2 mysql主从配置
3.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中
//查看主数据库中有那些库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| cxr |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
//查看从数据库有那些数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
//全备主库
//全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出
//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'123456' --all-databases > /opt/all-$(date '+%Y%m%d%H%M%S').spl
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/
all-20220703055932.spl data
[root@localhost ~]# scp /opt/all-20220703055932.spl root@192.168.106.19:/opt/
//解除主库的锁表状态,直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye
//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库,确保与主库一致
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456' < /opt/all-20220703055932.spl
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| cxr |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
3.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
mysql> CREATE USER 'repl'@'192.168.106.19' IDENTIFIED BY 'repl123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'192.168.106.19';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
3.2.3 配置主数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
//添加以下两行
log-bin=mysql-bin //启用binlog日志
server-id=10 //数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的大
//重启MySQL服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 5 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 5 [::1]:631 [::]:*
//查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.2.4 配置从数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
//添加以下两行
server-id=11 //设置从库的唯一标识符,从库的server-id值必须小于主库的该值
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //启用中继日志relay-log
//重启服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 5 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 5 [::1]:631 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST='192.168.106.16',
-> MASTER_USER='repl',
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='repl123',
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001',
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.33 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
//查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.106.16
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000007
Relay_Log_Pos: 367
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_Space: 787
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 10
Master_UUID: d3756dcf-f6d4-11ec-89e4-000c2940890e
Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
3.2.5 测试验证
在主库创建一个test数据库
mysql> create database cxr;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
在从库上查看
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| cxr |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)