基于RSSI室内定位算法介绍

前言

基于RSSI的室内定位算法有很多,像三角/三边质心算法、加权质心算法、最小二乘法、双曲线法、位置指纹算法、融合算法以及各种改进衍生算法等等。而依据定位策略的不同,BLE信标定位算法可分为基于距离和信号指纹定位两类。基于距离的定位算法是通过测量接收信号强度(RSSI)进行测距,但是由于室内环境对信号多径衰落的影响,基于距离的定位算法定位精度较低。相比之下,基于信号的指纹定位更适应于室内环境,国内外应用也较为普遍。指纹定位算法首先在室内固定位置点测量不同信标的RSSI值,再利用这些RSSI值以其对应的位置信息建立指纹地图(Fingerprints),再将在线测量的RSSI值与指纹地图匹配,进而估计用户的位置。

3ebf092bf1dc47789e59fb848e3f4264.jpeg

2.1 RSSI基于测距定位算法

(1)建立路径损耗模型

以之前写的的技术报告《基于低功耗蓝牙的博物馆室内定位系统设计》为例,建立路径损失模型。蓝牙信号在传播过程中,会出现衰减现象,且随着距离的增加,信号的衰减程度也会加深。基于RSSI的测距算法与距离存在一定的函数关系,通过此函数关系可测量出锚点(iBeacon标签位置)与用户接收端的距离。此函数关系可用对数距离路径损耗模型表示,表达式如下:

5626e945b39a49279fcea340d28e5e78.png(1)

在此函数式中,d表示锚点与游客终端设备之间的距离(即我们需要计算的距离);gif.latex?P_%7BL%7D%28d_%7B0%7D%29表示gif.latex?d_%7B0%7D=1m时,RSSI的值,可将其简化为A=gif.latex?P_%7BL%7D%28d_%7B0%7D%29;n则表示路径损失比例系数,gif.latex?%5Cvarepsilon表示随着距离的增加,信号的损失程度,与定位环境有关;表示均值为零时的高斯分布随机变量。根据(1)式可求出d值:

756628ace08d4132b5d26e6b366a17ce.png    (2)

在部署设备前,gif.latex?P_%7BL%7D%28d_%7B0%7D%29和n的值需要根据博物馆真实环境进行测量并拟合。 

(2)三角质心定位算法

在基于测距的算法中,三角质心定位算法(这也是上个学期所采用的RSSI测距算法),是最基础的,也是使用最多的测距算法之一。由于信号的损耗,三个圆一般不会相交于一点,连接两个圆的圆心以及两个圆的交点、两条直线的交点即为策略点,则三个圆会得到三个策略点,策略点连线为一个三角形的区域,该区域的质心即为要求得的待定位点的坐标位置。其实在此基础上求P点坐标与上述三圆交于一点求法类似,无非是要获取到三角区域的质心而已。对于平面三角形来说,质心会和重心重合,记三个策略点的坐标为P4(gif.latex?x_%7B4%7Dgif.latex?y_%7B4%7D),P5(gif.latex?x_%7B5%7Dgif.latex?y_%7B5%7D),P6(gif.latex?x_%7B6%7Dgif.latex?y_%7B6%7D),则通过三角形质心公式,即可求出待测点P点坐标。基于测距定位的流程图如下图2.1所示

b39d36f9ba8e40beb8454a8d0e71f93c.png

 

图2.1 RSSI基于测距定位流程图

2.2 RSSI基于信号指纹定位算法

信号指纹定位算法的过程:首先在定位区域收集很多的指纹数据(无线信号的RSSI数据值,然后通过定义一个个网格点来采集无线信号的强度值),当需要定位的时候,就可以通过手机或其它终端设施采集到的无线信号和预先收集的指纹数据库对比,找出最相似的指纹的位置,从而标记在室内地图上。信号指纹定位的基本思想:根据所在位置和所有已观测到的位置测量值(指纹集)相匹配,接着根据所比较的情况进行定位。它是一种基于学习的模型,运用模式识别,可以将信号的不确定性考虑在内,在定位效果方面令人满意。在使用位置指纹算法来进行定位时,一般分两个阶段:离线阶段与在线阶段。离线阶段需要进行多次采集区域内各位置上的“指纹”数据(RSSI),并构建一个数据库,即训练集;在线阶段中,定位系统会根据未知节点接收的RSSI值,与指纹数据库比较,通常可以通过最邻近法(NN)、K邻近法(KNN)、加权K邻近法(WKNN)等定位匹配算法来估计它所在的位置。基于信号指纹定位的流程图如下图2.2所示。

47428392ebe64c30b264277e16bdc360.png

 

图2.2 RSSI基于信号指纹定位流程

2.3 RSSI与CSI指纹定位算法对比 

CSI反映了OFDM 系统中所有子载波的幅度和相位信息,因此它比多径无线信号叠加值的RSS具有更好的稳定性、更小的多径效应和更细的颗粒度。对CSI而言,RSSI仅仅表征了信道的接收总能量,没有更详细地表征多径等环境特性。相对于传统的RSSI,CSI包含幅值和相位两个维度的信息,利用高维度的CSI信息可构建丰富的指纹库,从而提高指纹匹配的定位精度。在某种程度上来说,CSI和RSSI指纹定位类似,因为在进行位置估计时,都分为离线阶段和在线阶段,而且都需要建立指纹数据库表征位置信息。

注:CSI指纹定位可参考:室内定位之CSI指纹定位_数产小黑娃的博客-CSDN博客

 

 

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室内定位算法,有助于研究者认清研究方向,给定位算法一个准确的描述,是很好的参考教材。the possibility for the user to be notified by visible and Waveformof Distance audible warnings using buzzer and led ar to Very close to al 1903 Tme「 samples Fig 4 Distance measurement using the RSSi signal The system is used to determine the distance between Fig. 2. Tag4M Data Acquisition System tags and 2, 3, 4 or more APs. The tag scans after the aps ⅣV. EXPERIMENTS and sends the rssi values for each ap to the ap which is associated The system presented above can be used for objects or In order to read the corresponding rSsi values of all people localization in an indoor enviro found access points, a""operation is implemented at Let's suppose a building where several objects are Tag4M level. The time to scan is smaller than few distributed all over milliseconds, because the tag doesnt associate with the all For a better understanding of the system, it is showed an APs. These values are sent to a pC where the localization experiment where the objects are placed only at one floor. algorithm is implemented in LabVIFW20 10 (see Fig. 5) Each of these objects has attached a tag. The devices are Table I presents a scan operation result. In this case used to determine the location of the objects in the four APs(which are placed in the floor building)named building and the distance between tags and APs. To Hawk, Helicopter, Tag4M and WitagServer are detected measure the distance, the RSSI is processed. This method The corresponding rSSi values(in dBm) measured by the is not very accurate and is strong depended to the Tag4M are reported for every AP environment, but is very easy to implement with the TABLE 1. A SEQUENCE OF RESULTS FOR THE SCANOPERATION The Fig 3 presents the experiment environment for one EXFCUTED ON THE TAG4M DEVICE oor where the colored circles represents the APs and the rectangles represents the objects intended to be located This floor is divided in six rooms separated by walls RSSI Scan results: 4 Time Ssid Ch ad-Iloc Sec wps mac Address erp WMM SSI Supported Rates(Mbits, Mandatory) Crypto Suites CW Max/min AP SCAN. llawk. -57 dBm AP SCAN, Helicopter, -50 dBm, AP SCAN, Tag4M.-68 dBm AP SCAN. WitagServer. -45 dBm The Rssi values are converted to distance values using formula(1) The value of the received signal strength is a function of the transmitted power and the distance between the Fig 3. The Experiment Environment sender and the receiver. The received signal strength will decrease when the distance increases as the following First step in finding the location is distance equation shows [23] measurement using the RSSI signal. The experiment for computing the distance is presented in Fig. 4. The RSSI(IOn- logo+A)(1) experimental precisions of measurements are less than 5 meters Where: lal propagation constant al d propagation exponent. d represents the distance from sender, A represents the received signal strength at a distance of one meter worn even by people. The system runs on batterie w sSID having a characteristic life time of a couple of years and 回H offers a platform for sensor measurements. Thus, the system can use any existent infrastructure, with significant decrease of implementation costs REFERENCES [1] H. Liu, H. Darabi, P. Banerjee and J. Liu, ""Survey of wireless Distance 2 Tn] aRch Indoor Positioning Techniques and SystemS", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS. MAN. AND CYBERNETICS-PART C: APPLICATIONS AND REVIEWS VOL 37, NO 6, NOVEMBER 2007, pp. 1067-10801 Distance 3[] [2 Want, A. Hopper, V. FalcaO, J. 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The distances between the TWSAWC03), 2003 Wi-fiTagsandeachAparerepresentedascirclesasit[6]topaz,2004,http:/www.tadlys.co.il/pAges/productcontent.asp?igi bald=2 can be seen in Fig. 6, having the centre in the AP locations [7 A. Kotanen, M. Hannikainen, H. Leppakoski, and T. D which have previously known coordinates. The target's Hamalaincn, E.cperiments on local positioning with Bluetoothin position is given by the point at the intersection of the Proc. IEEE Int Conf. Inf. Technol. Comput. Commun., Apr 2003 three circles PP.297-303 [8 J. Hallberg, M. Nilsson, and k. Synnes, "Positioning with Bluetooth"in Proc. Ieee 10th Int Conf. Telecommun. Mar. 2003 ol.2,pp.954958 9 Active bat website. 2008 http:/www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research!dtg/attarchive/bat/ [10] Hazas, M, Hopper, A, "A Novel Brucdbund Ultrasonic Locution System for Improved Indoor Positioning IEEE Transactions on mobile Computing. Vol 5, No 5, May 2006 [11 N B Priyantha, The Cricket Indoor Location System", PhD thes MIT.2005 2]SonitorSystemWebsite2011,http://www.sonitor.com/ [13] Minami M, Fukuju Y, Hirasawa K, Yokoyama S, Mizumachi M Aoyama T ,"Dolphin. A practical approach for implementing a fully distributed indoor ultrasonic positioning system", Ubicomp, 2004, 347-365 Fig. 6. Front Panel of the localization program 14]J. Ilightower, R. Want, and G. borriello, SpotON: An indoor 3D cation sensing technology hased on RF signal strength"Univ The simplicity and cost efficiency of the rssi based Washington, Seattle, Tech Rep UW CSE 2000-02-02, Feb. 2000 localization make the proposed system a desired candidate 15]L. M. Ni, Y. Liu, Y. C. Lau, and A. P. Patil,"LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID Wireless Netw., vol 10, no 6 for specific applications like tracking and positioning svstems hP.701-70.N0v.200 Zebra Technologies Corporation eb sit http://www.7ebra.com/id/zebra/na/en/index/products/location/isoie c 24730 2html V. CONCLUSION [17 P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: An in-building rf based user location and tracking system, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, voL 2 In this paper, an indoor localization system based on March200,pp.775784 ultra-low power Wi-Fi technology and designed to 18Ekahau2011,http://www.ekahau.com: [19] T. King, S. Kopf, T. Haenselmann, C. Lubberger and w determine location of objects in a closed environment is Effelsberg, "COMPASS: A Probabilistic Indoor Positioning System proposed gILo rOC In the first part of this paper a survey of existing indoor Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation and Cllaracterization (WiNTECID), Los Angeles, CA, USA positioning systems was made In the second part was presented the way in which an [20] Convert sensor data to web pages using a Cloud Instrument, june object can be localized by using access points and Tag 4M 2011.http://www.tag4m.com devices which may read the rssi values [21Tag4mDatasheet2010,http://test.tag4m.com/wp- content/uploads/20/03/Tag4M Prod Datasheet Revised3. pdf The importance of the proposed system lies in ultra-low [22] Aamodt, K.(2006). 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### 回答1: 蓝牙(RSSI)室内定位是一种基于蓝牙信号强度(RSSI)和距离的室内定位技术,可以在室内环境中实现精确的位置跟踪服务。目前,Android平台提供了许多用于蓝牙定位的API和工具,开发人员可以使用这些工具来实现室内定位功能。 在实现蓝牙(RSSI)室内定位之前,需要先进行站点调查和信号质量测试。站点调查可以用于确定信标放置的位置、数量和信号范围等因素。信号质量测试可以确定信标的信号强度和覆盖范围,以便更好的设计和优化蓝牙定位系统。 在Android平台中,可以使用BluetoothAdapter API来扫描周围的蓝牙设备,获取设备的RSSI值和MAC地址等信息。一旦获取了RSSI值,就可以通过算法计算出设备与信标之间的距离和位置信息,并将其显示在用户界面上。具体的算法可以使用基于信号强度指数的方法,例如Path Loss和Trilateration的方法来进行定位计算。 需要注意的是,蓝牙(RSSI)室内定位技术也存在一些挑战和限制。例如,信号强度受环境因素的影响,如环境噪声和干扰等,这可能会导致定位精度不是特别高。此外,室内定位需要多个信标进行多点定位,成本也会相应增加。 总之,在Android开发中,使用蓝牙(RSSI)室内定位技术可以实现室内定位位置跟踪功能,为商业和社会提供更多可能性。 ### 回答2: 在Android开发中,可以通过蓝牙RSSI(接收信号强度指数)数据实现室内定位RSSI是指接收到的信号强度,通过测量不同位置RSSI值,就能够确定设备的位置。 首先需要获取设备的蓝牙信号强度值,这可以通过蓝牙扫描获取。然后建立一个基站位置数据库,将不同位置蓝牙信号强度值记录下来。当需要定位时,就可以通过比对当前设备的蓝牙信号强度值和基站位置数据库中的信号强度值,来确定设备所处的位置室内定位的精度受到多种因素影响,比如墙体厚度、金属物体等会影响信号强度。因此在开发中需要进行精细的调试和优化。同时,蓝牙定位也有一些局限性,如需要用户开启蓝牙蓝牙信号强度值容易受到干扰等。 总之,蓝牙RSSI室内定位是一种比较成熟的技术,在Android开发中也有较多的应用场景,但仍需要开发者进行精细的调试和优化,来提高室内定位的精度和性能。 ### 回答3: 蓝牙RSSI室内定位,是指通过蓝牙信号强度指示(RSSI)来确定物体或设备在室内的具体位置。这种方法适用于室内定位、追踪和导航等场景,但是有其限制:比如,受到干扰等外部环境因素的影响,精准度往往难以达到预期。 对于Android开发来说,实现蓝牙RSSI室内定位需要使用蓝牙模块,并结合相关的定位算法,如三角定位法、指纹定位法等。一般步骤如下: 1.获取蓝牙设备的RSSI值。通过将扫描到的蓝牙设备进行连接,获取其信号强度值。 2.建立基站地图。在室内设定多个基站,获取它们的位置信息,并记录其强度值。 3.计算物体位置。结合已知的基站位置和它们的强度值,使用相关算法计算物体位置及其误差范围。 4.优化算法。如增加基站数量、调整基站位置等,提升室内定位精确度。 Android开发中,需要使用一些相关技术包和类库,如蓝牙适配器、手动操作权限等,较为复杂。值得注意的是,该技术需要有精确的物理地图、较多的基站数量以及较强的数据处理能力,因此在应用中的实际场景时需要谨慎考虑。
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