AVL树！

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1.AVL树的概念

当向二叉搜索树中插入新结点后，如果能保证每个结点的左右子树高度之差的绝对值不超过1(需要对树中的结点进行调整)，即可降低树的高度，从而减少平均搜索长度。

一棵AVL树或者是空树，或者是具有以下性质的二叉搜索树：
①它的左右子树都是AVL树
②左右子树高度之差(简称平衡因子)的绝对值不超过1(-1/0/1)

如果一棵二叉搜索树是高度平衡的，它就是AVL树。

2.AVL树的插入和旋转

AVL树的插入：

3.AVL树的旋转

3.1旋转的底层：

以右旋转为例：

3.2 右旋转

3.3 左旋转

3.4 双旋

右左双旋：

左右双旋：

4.AVL树的底层

#pragma once
#include<assert.h>
#include<vector>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

template<class T>
struct AVLTreeNode
{
	AVLTreeNode(const T& data = T())
		: _pLeft(nullptr)
		, _pRight(nullptr)
		, _pParent(nullptr)
		, _data(data)
		, _bf(0)
	{}

	AVLTreeNode<T>* _pLeft;
	AVLTreeNode<T>* _pRight;
	AVLTreeNode<T>* _pParent;
	T _data;
	int _bf;   // 节点的平衡因子
};


// AVL: 二叉搜索树 + 平衡因子的限制
template<class T>
class AVLTree
{
	typedef AVLTreeNode<T> Node;
public:
	AVLTree()
		: _pRoot(nullptr)
	{}

	// 在AVL树中插入值为data的节点
	bool Insert(const T& data)
	{
		if (_pRoot == nullptr)
		{
			_pRoot = new Node(data);
			return true;
		}

		Node* parent = nullptr;
		Node* cur = _pRoot;
		while (cur != nullptr)
		{
			if (cur->_data < data)
			{
				parent = cur;
				cur = cur->_pRight;
			}
			else if (cur->_data > data)
			{
				parent = cur;
				cur = cur->_pLeft;
			}
			else
			{
				return false;
			}
		}

		cur = new Node(data);
		if (parent->_data < data)
		{
			parent->_pRight = cur;
		}
		else
		{
			parent->_pLeft = cur;
		}
		cur->_pParent = parent;


		// 更新平衡因子
		while (parent != nullptr)
		{
			if (cur == parent->_pLeft)
			{
				parent->_bf--;
			}
			else
			{
				parent->_bf++;
			}

			if (parent->_bf == 0)
			{
				break;
			}
			else if (parent->_bf == 1 || parent->_bf == -1)
			{
				cur = parent;
				parent = parent->_pParent;
			}
			else if (parent->_bf == -2 || parent->_bf == 2)
			{
				// 当前子树出问题了，需要旋转平衡一下
				if (parent->_bf == -2 && cur->_bf == -1)
				{
					RotateR(parent);
				}
				else if (parent->_bf == 2 && cur->_bf == 1)
				{
					RotateL(parent);
				}
				else if (parent->_bf == 2 && cur->_bf == -1)
				{
					RotateRL(parent);
				}
				else if (parent->_bf == -2 && cur->_bf == 1)
				{
					RotateLR(parent);
				}
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				// 理论而言不可能出现这个情况
				assert(false);
			}
		}
		return true;
	}

	// AVL树的验证
	bool IsAVLTree()
	{
		return _IsAVLTree(_pRoot);
	}


	int Height()
	{
		return _Height(_pRoot);
	}

	int Size()
	{
		return _Size(_pRoot);
	}


private:
	// 根据AVL树的概念验证pRoot是否为有效的AVL树
	bool _IsAVLTree(Node* pRoot)
	{
		if (pRoot == nullptr)
		{
			return true;
		}

		int leftHeight = _Height(pRoot->_pLeft);
		int rightHeight = _Height(pRoot->_pRight);
		// 不平衡
		if (abs(leftHeight - rightHeight) >= 2)
		{
			std::cout << pRoot->_data << std::endl;
			return false;
		}
		//检查一下平衡因子是否正确
		if (rightHeight - leftHeight != pRoot->_bf)
		{
			cout << pRoot->_data << endl;
			return false;
		}

		return _IsAVLTree(pRoot->_pLeft) && _IsAVLTree(pRoot->_pRight);
	}

	size_t _Height(Node* pRoot)
	{
		if (pRoot == nullptr)
			return 0;

		return max(_Height(pRoot->_pLeft), _Height(pRoot->_pRight)) + 1;
	}

	// 右单旋
	void RotateR(Node* pParent)
	{
		Node* subL = pParent->_pLeft;
		Node* subLR = subL->_pRight;

		pParent->_pLeft = subLR;
		if (subLR != nullptr)
		{
			subLR->_pParent = pParent;
		}
		subL->_pRight = pParent;

		Node* ppNode = pParent->_pParent;
		pParent->_pParent = subL;

		if (pParent == _pRoot)
		{
			_pRoot = subL;
			_pRoot->_pParent = nullptr;
		}
		else
		{
			if (ppNode->_pLeft == pParent)
			{
				ppNode->_pLeft = subL;
			}
			else
			{
				ppNode->_pRight = subL;
			}
			subL->_pParent = ppNode;
		}
		pParent->_bf = subL->_bf = 0;
	}

	// 左单旋
	void RotateL(Node* pParent)
	{
		Node* subR = pParent->_pRight;
		Node* subRL = subR->_pLeft;

		pParent->_pRight = subRL;
		if (subRL != nullptr)
		{
			subRL->_pParent = pParent;
		}
		subR->_pLeft = pParent;

		Node* ppNode = pParent->_pParent;
		pParent->_pParent = subR;

		if (pParent == _pRoot)
		{
			_pRoot = subR;
			_pRoot->_pParent = nullptr;
		}
		else
		{
			if (ppNode->_pRight == pParent)
			{
				ppNode->_pRight = subR;
			}
			else
			{
				ppNode->_pLeft = subR;
			}
			subR->_pParent = ppNode;
		}
		pParent->_bf = subR->_bf = 0;
	}

	// 右左双旋
	void RotateRL(Node* pParent)
	{
		Node* subR = pParent->_pRight;
		Node* subRL = subR->_pLeft;
		int bf = subRL->_bf;

		RotateR(pParent->_pRight);
		RotateL(pParent);

		if (bf == 1)
		{
			subRL->_bf = 0;
			subR->_bf = -1;
			pParent->_bf = 0;
		}
		else if (bf == -1)
		{
			pParent->_bf = 1;
			subR->_bf = 0;
			subRL->_bf = 0;
		}
		else if (bf == 0)
		{
			pParent->_bf = 0;
			subR->_bf = 0;
			subRL->_bf = 0;
		}
		else
		{
			assert(false);
		}
	}

	// 左右双旋
	void RotateLR(Node* pParent)
	{
		Node* subL = pParent->_pLeft;
		Node* subLR = subL->_pRight;
		int bf = subLR->_bf;

		RotateL(pParent->_pLeft);
		RotateR(pParent);

		if (bf == -1)
		{
			subLR->_bf = 0;
			subL->_bf = 0;
			pParent->_bf = 1;
		}
		else if (bf == 1)
		{
			subLR->_bf = 0;
			subL->_bf = -1;
			pParent->_bf = 0;
		}
		else if (bf == 0)
		{
			subLR->_bf = 0;
			subL->_bf = 0;
			pParent->_bf = 0;
		}
		else
		{
			assert(false);
		}
	}

private:
	Node* _pRoot;
};

void TestAVLTree1()
{
	//int a[] = { 8, 3, 1, 10, 6, 4, 7, 14, 13 };
	int a[] = { 4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 15, 7, 16, 14 };
	AVLTree<int> t1;
	for (auto e : a)
	{
		// 1、先看是插入谁导致出现的问题
		// 2、打条件断点，画出插入前的树
		// 3、单步跟踪，对比图一一分析细节原因
		t1.Insert({ e});

		cout << "Insert:" << e << "->" << t1.IsAVLTree() << endl;
	}
	cout << t1.IsAVLTree() << endl;
}