MySQL基础

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-06 20:42:07 发布

MD_雨落心尘.wyn

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-06 20:42:07 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_58733916/article/details/125956881

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这篇博客介绍了MySQL的基础知识，包括关系型数据库的概念、数据结构模型、RDBMS的专业名词，如主键、唯一键和外键约束。详细讲解了MySQL的安装与配置过程，包括YUM安装MariaDB，并提供了修改数据库登录密码的方法。

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MySQL基础

关系型数据库介绍
1.1 数据结构模型
1.2 RDBMS专业名词
1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件
1.4 SQL语句
mysql安装与配置
2.1 mysql安装
2.2 mysql配置
2.3 yum 安装mairadb

1.关系型数据库介绍
1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有：

层次模型
网状结构
关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column
数据库管理系统：DBMS(DataBase Management Server )
关系：Relational，RDBMS （Relationship DBMS 关系型数据库管理系统）

关系型数据库：硬盘
mysql 开源软件 5.7 （5.7及5.7之前一直是开源的）商业软件 8.0
Oracle 商业软件
mariadb 开源软件（从10.0版本开始）
sqlserver
MSSql MicroSoft sql
nosql(非关系型数据库): 数据是存放在内存上的变量 key=value
redis 缓存数据库
memcache
mongodb
pgsql
sqlite 数据是存放在”文件”(数据文件)中 sql语句 cat vim

字段：每一列就是一个字段
记录：每一行就是一个记录

1.2 RDBMS专业名词
常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL

SQL: Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言
约束: constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
一个表只能存在一个
唯一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束

索引: 将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有：
数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型：
DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP:删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

2. mysql安装与配置
2.1 mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种：

源代码：编译安装
二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包：
rpm：有两种
OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
项目官方提供的
deb

//配置mysql的yum源

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm 
--2022-07-24 07:47:03--  http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Resolving dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)... 23.2.135.207, 2600:140b:2:8b6::2e31, 2600:140b:2:8ac::2e31
Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.2.135.207|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
Location: https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm [following]
--2022-07-24 07:47:03--  https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.2.135.207|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Moved Temporarily
Location: https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm [following]
--2022-07-24 07:47:04--  https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Resolving repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)... 23.1.245.43
Connecting to repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)|23.1.245.43|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 25680 (25K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
Saving to: ‘mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm’

mysql57-community-release-el7-11 100%[=======================================================>]  25.08K   128KB/s    in 0.2s    

2022-07-24 07:47:10 (128 KB/s) - ‘mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm’ saved [25680/25680]
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg   mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm  
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
abc.repo
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:mysql57-community-release-el7-11 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
abc.repo  mysql-community-source.repo   mysql-community.repo

//安装mysql5.7

[root@localhost ~]yum module disable mysql   //禁用mysql模版
yum module disable mysql
CentOS Stream 8 - AppStream                                                                      5.2 kB/s | 4.4 kB     00:00    
CentOS Stream 8 - AppStream                                                                       75 kB/s |  24 MB     05:24    
CentOS Stream 8 - BaseOS                                                                         7.1 kB/s | 3.9 kB     00:00    
CentOS Stream 8 - BaseOS                                                                         5.9 MB/s |  25 MB     00:04    
CentOS Stream 8 - Extras                                                                         5.2 kB/s | 2.9 kB     00:00    
MySQL Connectors Community                                                                        43 kB/s |  49 kB     00:01    
MySQL Tools Community                                                                            252 kB/s | 651 kB     00:02    
MySQL 5.7 Community Server                                                                       811 kB/s | 2.6 MB     00:03    
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================================================
 Package                       Architecture                 Version                          Repository                     Size
=================================================================================================================================
Disabling modules:
 mysql                                                                                                                          

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================================================

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-clientmysql-community-common mysql-community-devel --nogpgcheck
Last metadata expiration check: 0:06:15 ago on Sun 24 Jul 2022 09:33:51 AM CST.
Package mysql-community-server-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed.
Package mysql-community-client-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed.
Package mysql-community-common-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
......

Complete!

2.2 mysql配置
//启动mysql并设置开机自动启动

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld 
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sun 2022-07-24 09:43:32 CST; 16s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 13382 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=>
  Process: 13333 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 13385 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 11201)
   Memory: 309.9M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─13385 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Jul 24 09:43:28 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 24 09:43:32 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.

//确保3306端口已经监听起来
ss -antl

[root@localhost ~]# ss -antlp
State      Recv-Q     Send-Q          Local Address:Port           Peer Address:Port     Process                                 
LISTEN     0          128                   0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*         users:(("sshd",pid=978,fd=5))          
LISTEN     0          80                          *:3306                      *:*         users:(("mysqld",pid=13385,fd=17))     
LISTEN     0          128                      [::]:22                     [::]:*         users:(("sshd",pid=978,fd

// 在日志文件中找出临时密码
grep “password” /var/log/mysqld.log

[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log 
2022-07-23T01:43:29.594394Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: kpCewyTyo8/o

//使用获取到的临时密码登录mysql

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:     //此处输入密码，可以直接复制你的密码粘贴至此处，也可手动输入
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.38

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>          //看到有这样的标识符则表示成功登录了

//修改mysql登录密码

mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wyn123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

//检验新密码能否成功登入

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwyn123 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 
Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) 

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. 

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.  

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. 

 mysql> exit 
 Bye

//为避免mysql自动升级，这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
rpm -e mysql57-community-release

[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/ 
mysql-community.repo CentOS-Stream-HighAvailability.repo  mysql-community-source.repo 
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release  
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/ 
abc.repo

2.3 yum 安装mairadb
//yum安装mairadb软件包

root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mariadb*
Repository AppStream is listed more than once in the configuration
Last metadata expiration check: 2:37:32 ago on Sun 24 Jul 2022 07:49:53 AM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
====================================================================================================================
 Package                           Arch        Version                                         Repository      Size
=======================================================================================================
......

Complete!

//启动mariadb

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb 
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

//确保3306端口已经开启

[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port Process  LISTEN 0      80            0.0.0.0:3306        0.0.0.0:*

//修改mariadb登录密码

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p 
Enter password:  
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g. 
Your MariaDB connection id is 8 Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.  

MariaDB [(none)]> set password = password('wyn123'); 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> exit 
Bye

//检验可以用新密码登录成功

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwyn123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 9
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye