[Python教程] Python timeit模块使用解析

timeit模块------准确测量小段代码的执行时间

timeit模块函数

该模块定义了三个使用函数和一个公共类

timeit.timeit(stmt=‘pass’, setup=‘pass’, timer=<default timer>, number=1000000)

创建一个Timer实例，参数分别是stmt（需要测量的语句或函数），setup（初始化代码或构建环境的导入语句），timer（计时函数），number（每一次测量中语句被执行的次数）
注：由于timeit()正在执行语句，语句中如果存在返回值的话会阻止timeit()返回执行时间。timeit()会取代原语句中的返回值。

timeit.repeat(stmt=‘pass’, setup=‘pass’, timer=<default timer>, repeat=3, number=1000000)

创建一个Timer实例，参数分别是stmt（需要测量的语句或函数），setup（初始化代码或构建环境的导入语句），timer（计时函数），repeat（重复测量的次数），number（每一次测量中语句被执行的次数）

timeit.default_timer()

默认的计时器，一般是time.perf_counter()，time.perf_counter()方法能够在任一平台提供最高精度的计时器（它也只是记录了自然时间，记录自然时间会被很多其他因素影响，例如计算机的负载）

class timeit.Timer(stmt=‘pass’, setup=‘pass’, timer=<timer function>)

计算小段代码执行速度的类，构造函数需要的参数有stmt，setup，timer。前两个参数的默认值都是’pass’，timer参数是平台相关的；前两个参数都可以包含多个语句，多个语句间使用分号（;）或新行隔开。

第一次测试语句的时间，可以使用timeit()方法；repeat()方法相当于持续多次调用timeit()方法并将结果返回为一个列表。

stmt和setup参数也可以是可供调用但没有参数的对象，这将会在一个计时函数中嵌套调用它们，然后被timeit()所执行。注意，由于额外的调用，计时开销会相对略多。

-timeit(number=1000000)

功能：计算语句执行number次的时间。

它会先执行一次setup参数的语句，然后计算stmt参数的语句执行number次的时间，返回值是以秒为单位的浮点数。number参数的默认值是一百万，stmt、setup和timer参数由timeit.Timer类的构造函数传递。

注意：默认情况下，timeit()在计时的时候会暂时关闭Python的垃圾回收机制。这样做的优点是计时结果更具有可比性，但缺点是GC（garbage collection，垃圾回收机制的缩写）有时候是测量函数性能的一个重要组成部分。如果是这样的话，GC可以在setup参数执行第一条语句的时候被重新启动，例如：

timeit.Timer('for i in range(10):oct(i)', 'gc.enable()').timeit()

-repeat(repeat=3, number=1000000)

功能：重复调用timeit()。

repeat()方法相当于持续多次调用timeit()方法并将结果返回为一个列表。repeat参数指定重复的次数，number参数传递给timeit()方法的number参数。

注意：人们很容易计算出平均值和标准偏差，但这并不是非常有用。在典型的情况下，最低值取决于你的机器可以多快地运行给定的代码段；在结果中更高的那些值通常不是由于Python的速度导致，而是因为其他进程干扰了你的计时精度。所以，你所应感兴趣的只有结果的最低值（可以用min()求出）

-print_exc(file=None)

功能：输出计时代码的回溯（Traceback）
典型的用法：

t = Timer(...)          # outside the try/except
try:
    t.timeit(...)       # or t.repeat(...)
except Exception:
    t.print_exc()

标准回溯的优点是在编译模板中，源语句行会被显示出来。可选的file参数指定将回溯发送的位置，默认是发送到sys.stderr。

命令行界面

当被作为命令行程序调用时，可以使用下列选项：

python -m timeit [-n N] [-r N] [-s S] [-t] [-c] [-h] [statement ...]

各个选项的含义：

选项	原型	含义
-n N	–number=N	执行指定语句（段）的次数
-r N	–repeat=N	重复测量的次数（默认3次）
-s S	–setup=S	指定初始化代码或构建环境的导入语句（默认是pass）
-p	–process	测量进程时间而不是实际执行时间

以下是Python3.3以后新增

选项	原型	含义
-t	–time	使用time.time()（不推荐）
-c	–clock	使用time.clock()（不推荐）
-v	–verbose	打印原始的计时结果，输出更大精度的数值
-h	–help	打印一个简短的用法信息并退出

python操作实例

下面我测试了几种创建列表的方法，有函数法（append()，extend()，insert()），有创建新列表然后指向（+），有与extend()类似的+=，有列表生成器（[i for i in range()]），有迭代器（list(range())），查看这几种方法分别是用了多长时间：

from timeit import Timer

def t1():
    li = []
    for i in range(10000):
        li = li + [i]

def t2():
    li = []
    for i in range(10000):
        li += [i]

def t3():
    li = [i for i in range(10000)]
    
def t4():
    li = list(range(10000))

def t5():
    li = []
    for i in range(10000):
        li.append(i)

def t6():
    li = []
    for i in range(10000):
        li.extend([i])
def t7():
    li = []
    for i in range(10000):
        li.insert(0,i)
        
timer1 = Timer("t1()","from __main__ import t1")
print("+:",timer1.timeit(1000))

timer2 = Timer("t2()","from __main__ import t2")
print("+=:",timer2.timeit(1000))

timer3 = Timer("t3()","from __main__ import t3")
print("[i for i in range(1000)]:",timer3.timeit(1000))

timer4 = Timer("t4()","from __main__ import t4")
print("list(range(10000)):",timer4.timeit(1000))

timer5 = Timer("t5()","from __main__ import t5")
print("append:",timer5.timeit(1000))

timer6 = Timer("t6()","from __main__ import t6")
print("extend:",timer6.timeit(1000))

timer7 = Timer("t7()","from __main__ import t7")
print("insert:",timer7.timeit(1000))

最后结果为：

+: 165.18708997200883
+=: 0.856570930001908
[i for i in range(1000)]: 0.3371259919949807
list(range(10000)): 0.1656288539961679
append: 0.6853008780017262
extend: 1.0690860609902302
insert: 21.749674607999623

可以看出迭代器速度非常快，其次是列表生成器，再然后是append()，extend()，+=，最后是最慢的insert()与+，所以这里不推崇+的方法，看来以后要多使用列表生成器与迭代器，如果不是实在不行的情况下也不要使用insert()。

下面是列表内置操作的时间复杂度：

下面是字典内置操作的时间复杂度：

timeit源码

#! /usr/bin/env python3
"""Tool for measuring execution time of small code snippets.
This module avoids a number of common traps for measuring execution
times.  See also Tim Peters' introduction to the Algorithms chapter in
the Python Cookbook, published by O'Reilly.
Library usage: see the Timer class.
Command line usage:
    python timeit.py [-n N] [-r N] [-s S] [-t] [-c] [-p] [-h] [--] [statement]
Options:
  -n/--number N: how many times to execute 'statement' (default: see below)
  -r/--repeat N: how many times to repeat the timer (default 3)
  -s/--setup S: statement to be executed once initially (default 'pass')
  -p/--process: use time.process_time() (default is time.perf_counter())
  -t/--time: use time.time() (deprecated)
  -c/--clock: use time.clock() (deprecated)
  -v/--verbose: print raw timing results; repeat for more digits precision
  -h/--help: print this usage message and exit
  --: separate options from statement, use when statement starts with -
  statement: statement to be timed (default 'pass')
A multi-line statement may be given by specifying each line as a
separate argument; indented lines are possible by enclosing an
argument in quotes and using leading spaces.  Multiple -s options are
treated similarly.
If -n is not given, a suitable number of loops is calculated by trying
successive powers of 10 until the total time is at least 0.2 seconds.
Note: there is a certain baseline overhead associated with executing a
pass statement.  It differs between versions.  The code here doesn't try
to hide it, but you should be aware of it.  The baseline overhead can be
measured by invoking the program without arguments.
Classes:
    Timer
Functions:
    timeit(string, string) -> float
    repeat(string, string) -> list
    default_timer() -> float
"""
import gc
import sys
import time
import itertools
__all__ = ["Timer", "timeit", "repeat", "default_timer"]
dummy_src_name = "<timeit-src>"
default_number = 1000000
default_repeat = 3
default_timer = time.perf_counter
# Don't change the indentation of the template; the reindent() calls
# in Timer.__init__() depend on setup being indented 4 spaces and stmt
# being indented 8 spaces.
template = """
def inner(_it, _timer):
    {setup}
    _t0 = _timer()
    for _i in _it:
        {stmt}
    _t1 = _timer()
    return _t1 - _t0
"""
def reindent(src, indent):
    """Helper to reindent a multi-line statement."""
    return src.replace("\n", "\n" + " "*indent)
def _template_func(setup, func):
    """Create a timer function. Used if the "statement" is a callable."""
    def inner(_it, _timer, _func=func):
        setup()
        _t0 = _timer()
        for _i in _it:
            _func()
        _t1 = _timer()
        return _t1 - _t0
    return inner
class Timer:
    """Class for timing execution speed of small code snippets.
    The constructor takes a statement to be timed, an additional
    statement used for setup, and a timer function.  Both statements
    default to 'pass'; the timer function is platform-dependent (see
    module doc string).
    To measure the execution time of the first statement, use the
    timeit() method.  The repeat() method is a convenience to call
    timeit() multiple times and return a list of results.
    The statements may contain newlines, as long as they don't contain
    multi-line string literals.
    """
    def __init__(self, stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer):
        """Constructor.  See class doc string."""
        self.timer = timer
        ns = {}
        if isinstance(stmt, str):
            stmt = reindent(stmt, 8)
            if isinstance(setup, str):
                setup = reindent(setup, 4)
                src = template.format(stmt=stmt, setup=setup)
            elif callable(setup):
                src = template.format(stmt=stmt, setup='_setup()')
                ns['_setup'] = setup
            else:
                raise ValueError("setup is neither a string nor callable")
            self.src = src # Save for traceback display
            code = compile(src, dummy_src_name, "exec")
            exec(code, globals(), ns)
            self.inner = ns["inner"]
        elif callable(stmt):
            self.src = None
            if isinstance(setup, str):
                _setup = setup
                def setup():
                    exec(_setup, globals(), ns)
            elif not callable(setup):
                raise ValueError("setup is neither a string nor callable")
            self.inner = _template_func(setup, stmt)
        else:
            raise ValueError("stmt is neither a string nor callable")
    def print_exc(self, file=None):
        """Helper to print a traceback from the timed code.
        Typical use:
            t = Timer(...)       # outside the try/except
            try:
                t.timeit(...)    # or t.repeat(...)
            except:
                t.print_exc()
        The advantage over the standard traceback is that source lines
        in the compiled template will be displayed.
        The optional file argument directs where the traceback is
        sent; it defaults to sys.stderr.
        """
        import linecache, traceback
        if self.src is not None:
            linecache.cache[dummy_src_name] = (len(self.src),
                                               None,
                                               self.src.split("\n"),
                                               dummy_src_name)
        # else the source is already stored somewhere else
        traceback.print_exc(file=file)
    def timeit(self, number=default_number):
        """Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
        To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
        then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
        a number of times, as a float measured in seconds.  The
        argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
        to one million.  The main statement, the setup statement and
        the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
        """
        it = itertools.repeat(None, number)
        gcold = gc.isenabled()
        gc.disable()
        try:
            timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
        finally:
            if gcold:
                gc.enable()
        return timing
    def repeat(self, repeat=default_repeat, number=default_number):
        """Call timeit() a few times.
        This is a convenience function that calls the timeit()
        repeatedly, returning a list of results.  The first argument
        specifies how many times to call timeit(), defaulting to 3;
        the second argument specifies the timer argument, defaulting
        to one million.
        Note: it's tempting to calculate mean and standard deviation
        from the result vector and report these.  However, this is not
        very useful.  In a typical case, the lowest value gives a
        lower bound for how fast your machine can run the given code
        snippet; higher values in the result vector are typically not
        caused by variability in Python's speed, but by other
        processes interfering with your timing accuracy.  So the min()
        of the result is probably the only number you should be
        interested in.  After that, you should look at the entire
        vector and apply common sense rather than statistics.
        """
        r = []
        for i in range(repeat):
            t = self.timeit(number)
            r.append(t)
        return r
def timeit(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
           number=default_number):
    """Convenience function to create Timer object and call timeit method."""
    return Timer(stmt, setup, timer).timeit(number)
def repeat(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
           repeat=default_repeat, number=default_number):
    """Convenience function to create Timer object and call repeat method."""
    return Timer(stmt, setup, timer).repeat(repeat, number)
def main(args=None, *, _wrap_timer=None):
    """Main program, used when run as a script.
    The optional 'args' argument specifies the command line to be parsed,
    defaulting to sys.argv[1:].
    The return value is an exit code to be passed to sys.exit(); it
    may be None to indicate success.
    When an exception happens during timing, a traceback is printed to
    stderr and the return value is 1.  Exceptions at other times
    (including the template compilation) are not caught.
    '_wrap_timer' is an internal interface used for unit testing.  If it
    is not None, it must be a callable that accepts a timer function
    and returns another timer function (used for unit testing).
    """
    if args is None:
        args = sys.argv[1:]
    import getopt
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, "n:s:r:tcpvh",
                                   ["number=", "setup=", "repeat=",
                                    "time", "clock", "process",
                                    "verbose", "help"])
    except getopt.error as err:
        print(err)
        print("use -h/--help for command line help")
        return 2
    timer = default_timer
    stmt = "\n".join(args) or "pass"
    number = 0 # auto-determine
    setup = []
    repeat = default_repeat
    verbose = 0
    precision = 3
    for o, a in opts:
        if o in ("-n", "--number"):
            number = int(a)
        if o in ("-s", "--setup"):
            setup.append(a)
        if o in ("-r", "--repeat"):
            repeat = int(a)
            if repeat <= 0:
                repeat = 1
        if o in ("-t", "--time"):
            timer = time.time
        if o in ("-c", "--clock"):
            timer = time.clock
        if o in ("-p", "--process"):
            timer = time.process_time
        if o in ("-v", "--verbose"):
            if verbose:
                precision += 1
            verbose += 1
        if o in ("-h", "--help"):
            print(__doc__, end=' ')
            return 0
    setup = "\n".join(setup) or "pass"
    # Include the current directory, so that local imports work (sys.path
    # contains the directory of this script, rather than the current
    # directory)
    import os
    sys.path.insert(0, os.curdir)
    if _wrap_timer is not None:
        timer = _wrap_timer(timer)
    t = Timer(stmt, setup, timer)
    if number == 0:
        # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
        for i in range(1, 10):
            number = 10**i
            try:
                x = t.timeit(number)
            except:
                t.print_exc()
                return 1
            if verbose:
                print("%d loops -> %.*g secs" % (number, precision, x))
            if x >= 0.2:
                break
    try:
        r = t.repeat(repeat, number)
    except:
        t.print_exc()
        return 1
    best = min(r)
    if verbose:
        print("raw times:", " ".join(["%.*g" % (precision, x) for x in r]))
    print("%d loops," % number, end=' ')
    usec = best * 1e6 / number
    if usec < 1000:
        print("best of %d: %.*g usec per loop" % (repeat, precision, usec))
    else:
        msec = usec / 1000
        if msec < 1000:
            print("best of %d: %.*g msec per loop" % (repeat, precision, msec))
        else:
            sec = msec / 1000
            print("best of %d: %.*g sec per loop" % (repeat, precision, sec))
    return None
if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())