Python学习从0开始——003控制流

一、while，if，for

注意缩进格式

>>> a, b = 0, 1
>>> while a < 1000:	#while循环
...     print(a, end=',')#循环体内属于同一代码块，需保持相同缩进
...     a, b = b, a+b	#=两边一一对应赋值
... #此行直接回车表示结束
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,

>>> x = int(input("Please enter an integer: "))	#获取输入
Please enter an integer: 13
>>> x
13
>>> if x < 0:
...     x = 0
...     print('Negative changed to zero')
... elif x == 0:
...     print('Zero')
... elif x == 1:
...     print('Single')
... else:
...     print('More')
... 
More

>>> words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>> for w in words:
...     print(w, len(w))
... 
cat 3
window 6
defenestrate 12

>>> users = {'Hans': 'active', 'Éléonore': 'inactive', '景太郎': 'active'}
>>> for user, status in users.copy().items():
...     if status == 'inactive':
...         del users[user]		#通过del 关键字进行删除，还可以删除变量或对象
... 
>>> users
{'Hans': 'active', '景太郎': 'active'}
>>> active_users = {}
>>> for user, status in users.items():
...     if status == 'active':
...         active_users[user] = status
... 
>>> active_users
{'Hans': 'active', '景太郎': 'active'} 

二、range()

>>> for i in range(5):	#内置函数，用于生成等差数列
...     print(i)
... 
0
1
2
3
4
>>> list(range(5, 10))	#生成的序列绝不会包括给定的终止值
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> list(range(0, 10, 3)) #ange 可以不从 0 开始，且可以按给定的步长递增
[0, 3, 6, 9]
>>> a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']
>>> for i in range(len(a)):	#按索引迭代序列
...     print(i, a[i])
... 
0 Mary
1 had
2 a
3 little
4 lamb
>>> range(10)	#该对象只有在被迭代时才返回所期望的列表项，并没有真正生成含有全部项的列表，从而节省空间
range(0, 10)
>>> sum(range(4))
6

三、break，continue，else

>>> for n in range(2, 10):
...     for x in range(2, n):
...         if n % x == 0:
...             print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x)
...             break	#跳出最近的一层循环
...     else:	#for循环中else子句会在循环成功结束最后一次迭代之后执行，while在条件变为假值时执行
...         print(n, 'is a prime number')
... 
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3
>>> for num in range(2, 10):
...     if num % 2 == 0:
...         print("Found an even number", num)
...         continue #执行循环的下一次迭代
...     print("Found an odd number", num)
... 
Found an even number 2
Found an odd number 3
Found an even number 4
Found an odd number 5
Found an even number 6
Found an odd number 7
Found an even number 8
Found an odd number 9

四、pass

>>> class MyEmptyClass:#创建一个类，具体内容暂不实现
...     pass
... 
>>> def initlog(*args):	#定义一个函数，具体内容暂不实现，相当于占位符
...     pass 
... 
>>> for num in range(2, 10):
...     if num % 2 == 0:
...         pass	#保证程序完整行
...     else:
...         print(num)
... 
3
5
7
9