理论:
1.并发
并发的概念是:多个执行单元同时、并行被执行。Linux系统是多任务的,很多任务会同时执行。假如有三个执行单元ABC,共享了内存资源。执行单元A对Buffer写1000个“a”;执行单元B对Buffer写1000个“b”;执行单元C从buffer中读取数据。如果按照A写→C读→B写→C读,当然没有问题。但是如果A写→B写→C读,执行单元C就出问题了。当然比这个复杂更多,更加混乱的并发操作存在设备驱动中,只要有多个进程对共享资源的同时访问,就可能出现竞态。
2.竞态
以下三种情况会导致竞态。对称多处理的多个CPU,单CPU内进程和抢占它的进程,中断和进程。
3.竞态的解决方法
解决竞态的途径是“保证对共享资源的互斥访问”,也就是一个执行单元在访问共享资源的时候,其它的执行单元被禁止访问。访问共享资源的代码区称为临界区,临界区需要使用互斥机制来保护。
4.Linux操作系统中提供实现互斥的方法:
原子操作、自旋锁、信号量、互斥体等。
整形原子操作:
1.直接列出内核中提供的宏定义
变量:atomic_t 整型变量
宏定义:atomic_read
(*(volatile int *)&(v)->counter)
volatile关键词。表示变量每次被访问,执行单元会从内存单元中取值
不带关键词。表示变量在编译的时候可能被"优化"。
保证对特殊地址的稳定访问!
宏定义:atomic_inc atomic_add(1, (v)) 变量加1
宏定义:atomic_dec 变量减1
宏定义:ATOMIC_INIT 赋值
2.如何使用
假设任务单元A申请“共享单元”:
则先读变量,如果0,则对变量加1,如果1,则直接返回
然后对共享资源资源进行操作,操作完毕之后则对变量赋值
假设任务单元B要申请“共享单元”:
则先读变量,如果0,则对变量加1,如果1,则直接返回
然后对共享资源资源进行操作,操作完毕之后则对变量赋值
3.代码分析
open_atomic_int_one以及open_atomic_int_two两个程序
要对/dev/atomic_int设备节点镜像操作
先运行的程序1,将变量赋值为1,释放的时候赋值为0
如果程序1在没有释放的情况下,程序2调用设备节点则会直接返回,无法调用。
open_atomic_int_one.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv){
char *atomic_int = "/dev/atomic_int";
int fd;
if((fd = open(atomic_int,O_RDWR|O_NDELAY))<0){
printf("%s open %s failed!\n",argv[0],atomic_int);
}
else{
printf("%s open %s sucess!\n",argv[0],atomic_int);
}
while(1);
}
open_atomic_int _two.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv){
char *atomic_int = "/dev/atomic_int";
int fd;
if((fd = open(atomic_int,O_RDWR|O_NDELAY))<0){
printf("%s open %s failed!\n",argv[0],atomic_int);
}
else{
printf("%s open %s sucess!\n",argv[0],atomic_int);
}
while(1);
}
atomic_int.c
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
/*驱动注册的头文件,包含驱动的结构体和注册和卸载的函数*/
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
/*注册杂项设备头文件*/
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
/*注册设备节点的文件结构体*/
#include <linux/fs.h>
//原子操作的函数头文件
#include <asm/atomic.h>
#include <asm/types.h>
#define DRIVER_NAME "atomic_int"
#define DEVICE_NAME "atomic_int"
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("santiren");
//定义原子变量,并初始化为0
static atomic_t value_atomic = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
static int atomic_int_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file){
printk(KERN_EMERG "atomic_int open in!\n");
if(atomic_read(&value_atomic)){
return -EBUSY;
}
atomic_inc(&value_atomic);
printk(KERN_EMERG "atomic_int open success!\n");
return 0;
}
static int atomic_int_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file){
printk(KERN_EMERG "atomic_int release\n");
atomic_dec(&value_atomic);
return 0;
}
static struct file_operations atomic_int_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = atomic_int_open,
.release = atomic_int_release,
};
static struct miscdevice atomic_int_dev = {
.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
.name = DEVICE_NAME,
.fops = &atomic_int_ops,
};
static int atomic_int_probe(struct platform_device *pdv){
printk(KERN_EMERG "\tinitialized\n");
misc_register(&atomic_int_dev);
return 0;
}
static int atomic_int_remove(struct platform_device *pdv){
printk(KERN_EMERG "\tremove\n");
misc_deregister(&atomic_int_dev);
return 0;
}
struct platform_driver atomic_int_driver = {
.probe = atomic_int_probe,
.remove = atomic_int_remove,
.driver = {
.name = DRIVER_NAME,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
}
};
static int atomic_int_init(void)
{
int DriverState;
printk(KERN_EMERG "HELLO WORLD enter!\n");
DriverState = platform_driver_register(&atomic_int_driver);
printk(KERN_EMERG "\tDriverState is %d\n",DriverState);
return 0;
}
static void atomic_int_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_EMERG "HELLO WORLD exit!\n");
platform_driver_unregister(&atomic_int_driver);
}
module_init(atomic_int_init);
module_exit(atomic_int_exit);
位原子操作:
1.直接列出内核中提供的宏定义
宏定义:test_bit 返回位原子值
宏定义:set_bit 设置位
宏定义:clear_bit 清除位
2.如何使用
类似整型的原子操作
3.代码分析
open_atomic_bit_two以及open_atomic_bit_one两个程序
要对/dev/atomic_bit这个设备节点进行操作。
先运行的open之后,将变量赋值为1,释放的时候赋值为0
如果在其中一个程序调用的过程中没有释放,
第二个程序要对节点操作,则会直接返回错误。
open_atomic_bit_one.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv){
char *atomic_bit = "/dev/atomic_bit";
int fd1;
if((fd1 = open(atomic_bit,O_RDWR|O_NDELAY))==0){
printf("%s open %s success\n",argv[0],atomic_bit);
}
else{
perror(argv[0]);
}
while(1);
close(fd1);
}
open_atomic_bit_two.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv){
char *atomic_bit = "/dev/atomic_bit";
int fd1;
if((fd1 = open(atomic_bit,O_RDWR|O_NDELAY))==0){
printf("%s open %s success!\n",argv[0],atomic_bit);
}
else{
perror(argv[0]);
}
while(1);
close(fd1);
}
atomic_bit.c
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
/*驱动注册的头文件,包含驱动的结构体和注册和卸载的函数*/
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
/*注册杂项设备头文件*/
#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
/*注册设备节点的文件结构体*/
#include <linux/fs.h>
//原子操作的函数头文件
#include <asm/atomic.h>
#include <asm/types.h>
#define DRIVER_NAME "atomic_bit"
#define DEVICE_NAME "atomic_bit"
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("santiren");
//定义原子变量,并初始化为0
//static atomic_t value_atomic = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
unsigned long int value_bit = 0;
static int atomic_bit_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file){
printk(KERN_EMERG "atomic_bit open in!\n");
/*if(atomic_read(&value_atomic)){
return -EBUSY;
}*/
//atomic_inc(&value_atomic);
if(test_bit(0,&value_bit)!=0){
return -EBUSY;
}
set_bit(0,&value_bit);
printk(KERN_EMERG "atomic_bit open success!\n");
return 0;
}
static int atomic_bit_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file){
printk(KERN_EMERG "atomic_bit release\n");
clear_bit(0,&value_bit);
//atomic_dec(&value_atomic);
return 0;
}
static struct file_operations atomic_bit_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = atomic_bit_open,
.release = atomic_bit_release,
};
static struct miscdevice atomic_bit_dev = {
.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
.name = DEVICE_NAME,
.fops = &atomic_bit_ops,
};
static int atomic_bit_probe(struct platform_device *pdv){
printk(KERN_EMERG "\tinitialized\n");
misc_register(&atomic_bit_dev);
return 0;
}
static int atomic_bit_remove(struct platform_device *pdv){
printk(KERN_EMERG "\tremove\n");
misc_deregister(&atomic_bit_dev);
return 0;
}
struct platform_driver atomic_bit_driver = {
.probe = atomic_bit_probe,
.remove = atomic_bit_remove,
.driver = {
.name = DRIVER_NAME,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
}
};
static int atomic_bit_init(void)
{
int DriverState;
printk(KERN_EMERG "HELLO WORLD enter!\n");
DriverState = platform_driver_register(&atomic_bit_driver);
printk(KERN_EMERG "\tDriverState is %d\n",DriverState);
return 0;
}
static void atomic_bit_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_EMERG "HELLO WORLD exit!\n");
platform_driver_unregister(&atomic_bit_driver);
}
module_init(atomic_bit_init);
module_exit(atomic_bit_exit);