6.1 键盘基础
6.1.1 忽略键盘
6.1.2 谁获得了焦点?
窗口过程通过WM_SETFOCUS和WM_KILLFOCUS消息来确定自己的窗口是否具有输入焦点
6.1.3 队列和同步
6.1.4 击键和字符
应用程序从windows接受的关于键盘事件的消息可分为击键和字符两种。
有些按键参数击键消息和字符消息
有些按键只产生击键消息
6.2 击键消息
6.2.1 系统键击和非系统键击
应用程序通常忽略WM_SYSKEYUP 和WM_SYSKEYDOWN消息，将他交给DefWindowProc来处理
如果你捕捉了也要再交给DefWindowProc处理
不与Alt组合会产生WM_KEYDOWN和WM_KEYUP消息。
6.2.2 虚拟键代码
虚拟键代码存储在WM_KEYDOWN, WM_KEYUP, WM_SYSKEYDOWN, WM_SYSKEYUP 的wParam中。
以VK开头，定义在winuser.h文件中
还有许多按键参考P179页
6.2.3 lparam信息
重复计数
OEM扫描码
扩展键标记
内容代码
键的先前状态
转换状态
6.2.4 转义状态
shift， Ctrl Alt 或者CapsLock NumLock Scroll Lock
iState = GetKeyState(VK_SHIFT); //如果shift被按下 iState为负，高位置1
iState = GetKeyState(VK_CAPITAL); //如果CapsLock按键打开，低位置1.
也可以获得VK_LBUTTON, VK_RBUTTON, VK_MBUTTON得到鼠标按钮的状态。
GetKeyState 无法获得功能键的状态
可以使用
GetAsyncKeyState
6.2.5 使用击键消息
windows通常不产生字符的击键使用WM_KEYDOWN消息，尽管可以通过击键消息和转义状态信息把击键转换为字符。你会在非英语键盘上遇到问题
对于光标移动，功能键，Insert Delete ， WM_KEYDOWN 消息是最有用的。 但是Insert， Delete 经常被用作菜单快捷键。因为Windows会把菜单快捷键转换为菜单命令消息，所以应用程序不必自己处理这些击键。
总之大部分时间，你仅需要处理光标移动的WM_KEYDOWN 消息，有时候处理Insert Delete 的WM_KEYDOWN消息。当使用这些键时，可以通过GetKeyState函数来检查Shift和Ctrl犍的状态。
6.2.6 为SYSMETS加上键盘处理功能
system.h 代码
参见第四章
system.cpp 加入键盘控制的代码主要是把相应的键盘操作映射为相应的ScrollBar消息，简化代码。
#include <windows.h>
#include "sysmets.h"
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); //window procedure.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("SysMets4");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndClass; //The window Class
wndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;// assign the window procedure to windows class.
wndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndClass.hInstance = hInstance;
wndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndClass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
//Register the Window Class to the Windows System.
if (!RegisterClass(&wndClass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program require Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
//This function will generate an WM_CREATE message.
hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, //Window class name
TEXT("Get System Metrics No. 4"), //Window caption
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_VSCROLL | WS_HSCROLL, //Window Style
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x size
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y size
NULL, //parent window handle
NULL, //window menu handle
hInstance, //program instance handle
NULL); //creation parameters
ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //This function will generate a WM_PAINT message.
/* The message loop for this program.
if received the WM_QUIT message, the function will return 0.*/
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
//define the Window Procedure WndProc
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static int cxChar, cxCaps, cyChar, cxClient, cyClient, iMaxWidth;
HDC hdc;
int i, x, y, iVertPos, iHorzPos, iPaintBeg, iPaintEnd;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
SCROLLINFO si;
TCHAR szBuffer[10];
TEXTMETRIC tm;
switch (message) //get the message
{
case WM_CREATE:
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
cxCaps = (tm.tmPitchAndFamily & 1 ? 3 : 2)* cxChar / 2;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight + tm.tmExternalLeading;
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
iMaxWidth = 40 * cxChar + 22 * cxCaps;
return 0;
case WM_SIZE:
cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
//Set vertical scroll bar range and page size
si.cbSize = sizeof(si);
si.fMask = SIF_RANGE | SIF_PAGE;
si.nMin = 0;
si.nMax = NUMLINES - 1;
si.nPage = cyClient / cyChar;
SetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_VERT, &si, TRUE);
//Set the horizontal scroll bar range and page size
si.cbSize = sizeof(si);
si.fMask = SIF_RANGE | SIF_PAGE;
si.nMin = 0;
si.nMax = 2 + iMaxWidth / cxChar;
si.nPage = cxClient / cxChar;
SetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_HORZ, &si, TRUE);
return 0;
case WM_VSCROLL:
//Get all the vertical scroll bar information
si.cbSize = sizeof(si);
si.fMask = SIF_ALL;
GetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_VERT, &si);
//Save the position for comparison later on
iVertPos = si.nPos;
switch (LOWORD(wParam))
{
case SB_TOP:
si.nPos = si.nMin;
break;
case SB_BOTTOM:
si.nPos = si.nMax;
break;
case SB_LINEUP:
si.nPos -= 1;
break;
case SB_LINEDOWN:
si.nPos += 1;
break;
case SB_PAGEUP:
si.nPos -= si.nPage;
break;
case SB_PAGEDOWN:
si.nPos += si.nPage;
break;
case SB_THUMBPOSITION:
si.nPos = si.nTrackPos;
break;
default:
break;
}
//Set the position and then retrieve it. Due to adjustments
//By Windows it may not be the same as the value set.
si.fMask = SIF_POS;
SetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_VERT, &si, TRUE);
GetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_VERT, &si);
// if the position has changed, scroll the window and update it
if (si.nPos != iVertPos)
{
ScrollWindow(hwnd, 0, cyChar*(iVertPos - si.nPos),
NULL, NULL);
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //instead of the invalidateRect() it will update the rect immediately.
}
return 0;
case WM_HSCROLL:
// Get all the vertical scroll bar information
si.cbSize = sizeof(si);
si.fMask = SIF_ALL;
//Save the position for comparison later on
GetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_HORZ, &si);
iHorzPos = si.nPos;
switch (LOWORD(wParam))
{
case SB_LINELEFT:
si.nPos -= 1;
break;
case SB_LINERIGHT:
si.nPos += 1;
break;
case SB_PAGELEFT:
si.nPos -= si.nPage;
break;
case SB_PAGERIGHT:
si.nPos += si.nPage;
break;
case SB_THUMBPOSITION:
si.nPos = si.nTrackPos;
break;
default:
break;
}
//Set the Position and then retrieve it. Due to adjustments
//by Windows it may not be the same as the value set.
si.fMask = SIF_POS;
SetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_HORZ, &si, TRUE);
GetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_HORZ, &si);
//If the position has been changed, scroll the window
if (si.nPos != iHorzPos)
{
ScrollWindow(hwnd, cxChar* (iHorzPos - si.nPos), 0,
NULL, NULL);
}
return 0;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
switch(wParam)
{
case VK_HOME:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_TOP, 0);
break;
case VK_END:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_BOTTOM, 0);
break;
case VK_PRIOR:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_PAGEUP, 0);
break;
case VK_NEXT:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_PAGEDOWN, 0);
break;
case VK_UP:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_LINEUP, 0);
break;
case VK_DOWN:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_LINEDOWN, 0);
break;
case VK_LEFT:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_HSCROLL, SB_PAGEUP, 0);
break;
case VK_RIGHT:
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_HSCROLL, SB_PAGEDOWN, 0);
break;
}
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
//Get the vertical scroll bar position
si.cbSize = sizeof(si);;
si.fMask = SIF_POS;
GetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_VERT, &si);
iVertPos = si.nPos;
//Get horizontal scroll bar position
GetScrollInfo(hwnd, SB_HORZ, &si);
iHorzPos = si.nPos;
//Find painting limits
iPaintBeg = max(0, iVertPos + ps.rcPaint.top / cyChar);
iPaintEnd = min(NUMLINES - 1,
iVertPos + ps.rcPaint.bottom / cyChar);
for (i = iPaintBeg; i <= iPaintEnd; ++i)
{
x = cxChar * (1 - iHorzPos);
y = cyChar * (i - iVertPos);
TextOut(hdc, x, y,
sysmetrics[i].szLabel,
lstrlen(sysmetrics[i].szLabel));
TextOut(hdc, x + 22 * cxCaps, y,
sysmetrics[i].szDesc,
lstrlen(sysmetrics[i].szDesc));
SetTextAlign(hdc, TA_RIGHT | TA_TOP);
TextOut(hdc, x + 22 * cxCaps + 40 * cxChar, y, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, TEXT("%5d"),
GetSystemMetrics(sysmetrics[i].iIndex)));
SetTextAlign(hdc, TA_LEFT | TA_TOP);
}
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
6.3 字符消息
在消息循环中 TranslateMessage函数，负责把击键消息转换为字符消息。 WM_KEYDOWN WM_SYSKEYDOWN.
6.3.1 四类字符消息
常用的是 WM_CHAR
wParam 参数是ANSI或者unicode 字符代码， 取决于注册窗口类使用RegisterClassA 或者RegisterClassW
通常用 (TCHAR) wParam
fUnicode = IsWindowUnicode(hwnd); //判断窗口函数注册是否为Unicode.
6.3.2 消息排序
输入字符a
WM_KEYDOWN
WM_CHAR
WM_KEYUP
输入大写字符A shift+a
WM_KEYDOWN
WM_KEYDOWN
WM_CHAR
WM_KEYUP
WM_KEYUP
6.3.3 控制字符的处理
把TAB，回车，空格和ESC看做控制字符
6.3.4 死字符消息
6.4 键盘消息和字符集
6.4.1 KEYVIEW1 程序
#include <windows.h>
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); //window procedure.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("KeyView1");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndClass; //The window Class
wndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;// assign the window procedure to windows class.
wndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndClass.hInstance = hInstance;
wndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndClass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
//Register the Window Class to the Windows System.
if (!RegisterClass(&wndClass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program require Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
//This function will generate an WM_CREATE message.
hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, //Window class name
TEXT("Keyboard Message Viewer #1"), //Window caption
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, //Window Style
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x size
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y size
NULL, //parent window handle
NULL, //window menu handle
hInstance, //program instance handle
NULL); //creation parameters
ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //This function will generate a WM_PAINT message.
/* The message loop for this program.
if received the WM_QUIT message, the function will return 0.*/
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
//define the Window Procedure WndProc
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static int cxClientMax, cyClientMax, cxClient, cyClient, cxChar, cyChar;
static int cLinesMax, cLines;
static PMSG pmsg;
static RECT rectScroll;
static TCHAR szTop[] = TEXT("Message Key Char ")
TEXT("Repeat Scan Ext ALT Prev Tran");
static TCHAR szUnd[] = TEXT("_______ ___ ____ ")
TEXT("______ ____ ___ ___ ____ ____");
static TCHAR * szFormat[2] = {
TEXT("%-13s %3d %-15s%c%6u %4d %3s %3s %4s %4s"),
TEXT("%-13s 0x%04X%1s%c %6u %4d %3s %3s %4s %4s")};
static TCHAR * szYes = TEXT("Yes");
static TCHAR * szNo = TEXT("No");
static TCHAR * szDown = TEXT("Down");
static TCHAR * szUp = TEXT("Up");
static TCHAR * szMessage[] = {
TEXT("WM_KEYDOWN"), TEXT("WM_KEYUP"),
TEXT("WM_CHAR"), TEXT("WM_DEADCHAR"),
TEXT("WM_SYSKEYDOWN"), TEXT("WM_SYSKEYUP"),
TEXT("WM_SYSCHAR"), TEXT("WM_SYSDEADCHAR")};
HDC hdc;
int i, iType;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
TCHAR szBuffer[128], szKeyName[32];
TEXTMETRIC tm;
switch (message) //get the message
{
case WM_CREATE:
case WM_DISPLAYCHANGE:
//Get maximum size of client area
cxClientMax = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMAXIMIZED);
cyClientMax = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMAXIMIZED);
//Get character size for fixed-pitch font
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT));
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight;
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
//Allocate memory for display lines.
if (pmsg)
free(pmsg);
cLinesMax = cyClientMax / cyChar;
pmsg = (PMSG)malloc(cLinesMax * sizeof(MSG));
cLines = 0;
//fall through
/*return 0;*/
case WM_SIZE:
if (WM_SIZE == message)
{
cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
}
//Calculate scrolling rectangle
rectScroll.left = 0;
rectScroll.right = cxClient;
rectScroll.top = cyChar;
rectScroll.bottom = cyChar * (cyClient / cyChar);
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
return 0;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
case WM_KEYUP:
case WM_CHAR:
case WM_DEADCHAR:
case WM_SYSKEYDOWN:
case WM_SYSKEYUP:
case WM_SYSCHAR:
case WM_SYSDEADCHAR:
//Rearrange storage array
for (i = cLinesMax - 1; i > 0; i--)
{
pmsg[i] = pmsg[i - 1];
}
//Store new message
pmsg[0].hwnd = hwnd;
pmsg[0].message = message;
pmsg[0].wParam = wParam;
pmsg[0].lParam = lParam;
cLines = min(cLines + 1, cLinesMax);
//Scroll up the display
ScrollWindow(hwnd, 0, -cyChar, &rectScroll, &rectScroll);
break; //i.e., call DefWindowProc so Sys messages work
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT));
SetBkMode(hdc, TRANSPARENT);
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szTop, lstrlen(szTop));
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szUnd, lstrlen(szUnd));
for (i = 0; i < min(cLines, cyClient / cyChar - 1); ++i)
{
iType = pmsg[i].message == WM_CHAR ||
pmsg[i].message == WM_SYSCHAR ||
pmsg[i].message == WM_DEADCHAR ||
pmsg[i].message == WM_SYSDEADCHAR;
GetKeyNameText(pmsg[i].lParam, szKeyName,
sizeof(szKeyName) / sizeof(TCHAR));
TextOut(hdc, 0, (cyClient / cyChar - 1 - i) * cyChar, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, szFormat[iType],
szMessage[pmsg[i].message - WM_KEYFIRST],
pmsg[i].wParam,
(PTSTR) (iType ? TEXT("") : szKeyName),
(TCHAR) (iType ? pmsg[i].wParam : TEXT(' ')),
LOWORD (pmsg[i].lParam),
HIWORD (pmsg[i].lParam) & 0xFF,
0x01000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szYes : szNo,
0x20000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szYes : szNo,
0x40000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szDown : szUp,
0x80000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szUp : szDown
));
}
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}运行结果如下
6.4.3 字符集和字体
#include <windows.h>
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); //window procedure.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("StockFont");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndClass; //The window Class
wndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;// assign the window procedure to windows class.
wndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndClass.hInstance = hInstance;
wndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndClass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
//Register the Window Class to the Windows System.
if (!RegisterClass(&wndClass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program require Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
//This function will generate an WM_CREATE message.
hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, //Window class name
TEXT("Stock Fonts"), //Window caption
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, //Window Style
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x size
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y size
NULL, //parent window handle
NULL, //window menu handle
hInstance, //program instance handle
NULL); //creation parameters
ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //This function will generate a WM_PAINT message.
/* The message loop for this program.
if received the WM_QUIT message, the function will return 0.*/
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
//define the Window Procedure WndProc
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static struct
{
int idStockFont;
TCHAR * szStockFont;
}
stockfont[] = { OEM_FIXED_FONT, TEXT("OEM_FIXED_FONT"),
ANSI_FIXED_FONT, TEXT("ANSI_FIXED_FONT"),
ANSI_VAR_FONT, TEXT("ANSI_VAR_FONT"),
SYSTEM_FONT, TEXT("SYSTEM_FONT"),
DEVICE_DEFAULT_FONT, TEXT("DEVICE_DEFAULT_FONT"),
SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT, TEXT("SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT"),
DEFAULT_GUI_FONT, TEXT("DEFAULT_GUI_FONT") };
static int iFont, cFonts = sizeof stockfont / sizeof stockfont[0];
HDC hdc;
int i, x, y, cxGrid, cyGrid;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
TCHAR szFaceName[LF_FACESIZE], szBuffer[LF_FACESIZE + 64];
TEXTMETRIC tm;
switch (message) //get the message
{
case WM_CREATE:
SetScrollRange(hwnd, SB_VERT, 0, cFonts - 1, TRUE);
return 0;
case WM_DISPLAYCHANGE:
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
return 0;
case WM_VSCROLL:
switch (LOWORD(wParam))
{
case SB_TOP: iFont = 0; break;
case SB_BOTTOM: iFont = cFonts - 1; break;
case SB_LINEUP:
case SB_PAGEUP: iFont -= 1; break;
case SB_LINEDOWN:
case SB_PAGEDOWN: iFont += 1; break;
case SB_THUMBPOSITION: iFont = HIWORD(wParam); break;
}
iFont = max(0, min(cFonts - 1, iFont));
SetScrollPos(hwnd, SB_VERT, iFont, TRUE);
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
return 0;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
switch (wParam)
{
case VK_HOME: SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_TOP, 0); break;
case VK_END: SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_BOTTOM, 0); break;
case VK_PRIOR:
case VK_LEFT:
case VK_UP: SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_LINEUP, 0); break;
case VK_NEXT:
case VK_RIGHT:
case VK_DOWN: SendMessage(hwnd, WM_VSCROLL, SB_LINEDOWN, 0); break;
}
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(stockfont[iFont].idStockFont));
GetTextFace(hdc, LF_FACESIZE, szFaceName);
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
cxGrid = max(3 * tm.tmAveCharWidth, 2 * tm.tmMaxCharWidth);
cyGrid = tm.tmHeight + 3;
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, TEXT("%s:Face Name = %s, CharSet = %i"),
stockfont[iFont].szStockFont, szFaceName, tm.tmCharSet));
for (i = 0; i < 17; ++i)
{
MoveToEx(hdc, (i + 2) * cxGrid, 2 * cyGrid, NULL);
LineTo(hdc, (i + 2) * cxGrid, 19 * cyGrid);
MoveToEx(hdc, cxGrid, (i + 3) * cyGrid, NULL);
LineTo(hdc, 18 * cxGrid, (i + 3) * cyGrid);
}
//vertical and horizontal headings
for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
{
TextOut(hdc, (2 * i + 5) * cxGrid / 2, 2 * cyGrid + 2, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, TEXT("%X-"), i));
TextOut(hdc, 3 * cxGrid / 2 - tm.tmAveCharWidth, (i + 3) * cyGrid + 2, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, TEXT("-%X"), i));
}
//Characters
for(y = 0; y < 16; y ++)
for (x = 0; x < 16; x++)
{
TextOut(hdc, (2 * x + 5) * cxGrid / 2,
(y + 3) * cyGrid + 2, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, TEXT("%c"), 16 * x + y));
}
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
6.4.4 Unicode解决方案
6.4.5 TrueType字体和大字体
keyview2 显示了如何在键盘布局改变时候相应的改变字体
#include <windows.h>
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); //window procedure.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("KeyView2");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndClass; //The window Class
wndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;// assign the window procedure to windows class.
wndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndClass.hInstance = hInstance;
wndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndClass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
//Register the Window Class to the Windows System.
if (!RegisterClass(&wndClass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program require Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
//This function will generate an WM_CREATE message.
hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, //Window class name
TEXT("Keyboard Message Viewer #2"), //Window caption
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, //Window Style
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x size
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y size
NULL, //parent window handle
NULL, //window menu handle
hInstance, //program instance handle
NULL); //creation parameters
ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //This function will generate a WM_PAINT message.
/* The message loop for this program.
if received the WM_QUIT message, the function will return 0.*/
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
//define the Window Procedure WndProc
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static DWORD dwCharSet = DEFAULT_CHARSET;
static int cxClientMax, cyClientMax, cxClient, cyClient, cxChar, cyChar;
static int cLinesMax, cLines;
static PMSG pmsg;
static RECT rectScroll;
static TCHAR szTop[] = TEXT("Message Key Char ")
TEXT("Repeat Scan Ext ALT Prev Tran");
static TCHAR szUnd[] = TEXT("_______ ___ ____ ")
TEXT("______ ____ ___ ___ ____ ____");
static TCHAR * szFormat[2] = {
TEXT("%-13s %3d %-15s%c%6u %4d %3s %3s %4s %4s"),
TEXT("%-13s 0x%04X%1s%c %6u %4d %3s %3s %4s %4s")};
static TCHAR * szYes = TEXT("Yes");
static TCHAR * szNo = TEXT("No");
static TCHAR * szDown = TEXT("Down");
static TCHAR * szUp = TEXT("Up");
static TCHAR * szMessage[] = {
TEXT("WM_KEYDOWN"), TEXT("WM_KEYUP"),
TEXT("WM_CHAR"), TEXT("WM_DEADCHAR"),
TEXT("WM_SYSKEYDOWN"), TEXT("WM_SYSKEYUP"),
TEXT("WM_SYSCHAR"), TEXT("WM_SYSDEADCHAR")};
HDC hdc;
int i, iType;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
TCHAR szBuffer[128], szKeyName[32];
TEXTMETRIC tm;
switch (message) //get the message
{
case WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE:
dwCharSet = wParam;
// fall through
case WM_CREATE:
case WM_DISPLAYCHANGE:
//Get maximum size of client area
cxClientMax = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMAXIMIZED);
cyClientMax = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMAXIMIZED);
//Get character size for fixed-pitch font
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc, CreateFont(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
dwCharSet, 0, 0, 0, FIXED_PITCH, NULL));
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight;
DeleteObject(SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)));
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
//Allocate memory for display lines.
if (pmsg)
free(pmsg);
cLinesMax = cyClientMax / cyChar;
pmsg = (PMSG)malloc(cLinesMax * sizeof(MSG));
cLines = 0;
//fall through
case WM_SIZE:
if (WM_SIZE == message)
{
cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
}
//Calculate scrolling rectangle
rectScroll.left = 0;
rectScroll.right = cxClient;
rectScroll.top = cyChar;
rectScroll.bottom = cyChar * (cyClient / cyChar);
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
if (message == WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE)
return TRUE;
return 0;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
case WM_KEYUP:
case WM_CHAR:
case WM_DEADCHAR:
case WM_SYSKEYDOWN:
case WM_SYSKEYUP:
case WM_SYSCHAR:
case WM_SYSDEADCHAR:
//Rearrange storage array
for (i = cLinesMax - 1; i > 0; i--)
{
pmsg[i] = pmsg[i - 1];
}
//Store new message
pmsg[0].hwnd = hwnd;
pmsg[0].message = message;
pmsg[0].wParam = wParam;
pmsg[0].lParam = lParam;
cLines = min(cLines + 1, cLinesMax);
//Scroll up the display
ScrollWindow(hwnd, 0, -cyChar, &rectScroll, &rectScroll);
break; //i.e., call DefWindowProc so Sys messages work
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
SelectObject(hdc, CreateFont(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
dwCharSet, 0, 0, 0, FIXED_PITCH, NULL));
SetBkMode(hdc, TRANSPARENT);
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szTop, lstrlen(szTop));
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szUnd, lstrlen(szUnd));
for (i = 0; i < min(cLines, cyClient / cyChar - 1); ++i)
{
iType = pmsg[i].message == WM_CHAR ||
pmsg[i].message == WM_SYSCHAR ||
pmsg[i].message == WM_DEADCHAR ||
pmsg[i].message == WM_SYSDEADCHAR;
GetKeyNameText(pmsg[i].lParam, szKeyName,
sizeof(szKeyName) / sizeof(TCHAR));
TextOut(hdc, 0, (cyClient / cyChar - 1 - i) * cyChar, szBuffer,
wsprintf(szBuffer, szFormat[iType],
szMessage[pmsg[i].message - WM_KEYFIRST],
pmsg[i].wParam,
(PTSTR) (iType ? TEXT("") : szKeyName),
(TCHAR) (iType ? pmsg[i].wParam : TEXT(' ')),
LOWORD (pmsg[i].lParam),
HIWORD (pmsg[i].lParam) & 0xFF,
0x01000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szYes : szNo,
0x20000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szYes : szNo,
0x40000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szDown : szUp,
0x80000000 & pmsg[i].lParam ? szUp : szDown
));
}
DeleteObject(SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)));
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
6.5 插入符号
输入字符时候提示当前插入位置的 ，caret
6.5.1 一些关于插入符号的函数
CreateCaret: 创建和窗口关了的插入符号
SetCaretPos 设置窗口内的插入符号的位置
ShowCaret 显示插入符号
HideCaret 隐藏插入符号
DestroyCaret 销毁插入符号
GetCaretPos 获得当前插入符号位置
GetCaretBlinkTime 获得插入符号闪烁时间
SetCaretBlinkTime 设置插入符号闪烁时间
在WM_SETFOCUS消息时调用CreateCaret函数
在WM_KILLFOCUS消息调用DestoryCaret函数
使用插入符号的一些规则: 创建的插入符号是隐藏的。在调用CreateCaret之后，窗口过程必须调用ShowCaret使其可见。另外，如果窗口过程处理的是一个非WM_PAINT消息，但是要在窗口内绘制某些东西时，它必须调用HideCaret隐藏插入符号。当它结束在窗口内的绘制之后，再调用ShowCaret来显示插入符号。HideCaret的效果是叠加的，
如果你调用了HideCaet很多次，那么你必须调用同样多次数的ShowCaret使插入符号可见。
6.5.2 TYPER 程序
一个简单的文字处理程序
#include <windows.h>
#define BUFFER(x, y) *(pBuffer + y * cxBuffer + x)
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); //window procedure.
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("Typer");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndClass; //The window Class
wndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndClass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;// assign the window procedure to windows class.
wndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndClass.hInstance = hInstance;
wndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndClass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
//Register the Window Class to the Windows System.
if (!RegisterClass(&wndClass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program require Windows NT!"),
szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0;
}
//This function will generate an WM_CREATE message.
hwnd = CreateWindow(szAppName, //Window class name
TEXT("Typing Program"), //Window caption
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, //Window Style
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y position
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial x size
CW_USEDEFAULT, //initial y size
NULL, //parent window handle
NULL, //window menu handle
hInstance, //program instance handle
NULL); //creation parameters
ShowWindow(hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(hwnd); //This function will generate a WM_PAINT message.
/* The message loop for this program.
if received the WM_QUIT message, the function will return 0.*/
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
//define the Window Procedure WndProc
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static DWORD dwCharSet = DEFAULT_CHARSET;
static int cxChar, cyChar, cxClient, cyClient, cxBuffer, cyBuffer, xCaret, yCaret;
static TCHAR * pBuffer = NULL;
HDC hdc;
int x, y, i;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
TEXTMETRIC tm;
switch (message) //get the message
{
case WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE:
dwCharSet = wParam;
// fall through
case WM_CREATE:
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc, CreateFont(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
dwCharSet, 0, 0, 0, FIXED_PITCH, NULL));
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
cyChar = tm.tmHeight;
DeleteObject(SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)));
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
// fall through
case WM_SIZE:
if (WM_SIZE == message)
{
cxClient = LOWORD(lParam);
cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
}
//calculate window size in characters
cxBuffer = max(1, cxClient / cxChar);
cyBuffer = max(1, cyClient / cyChar);
//allocate memory for buffer and clear it
if (pBuffer != NULL)
free(pBuffer);
pBuffer = (TCHAR *)malloc(cxBuffer * cyBuffer * sizeof(TCHAR));
//Set all of the buffer to space ' '
for (y = 0; y < cyBuffer; y++)
for (x = 0; x < cxBuffer; x++)
BUFFER(x, y) = TEXT(' ');
//set caret to upper left corner
xCaret = 0;
yCaret = 0;
if (hwnd == GetFocus())
SetCaretPos(xCaret * cxChar, yCaret * cyChar);
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
return 0;
case WM_SETFOCUS:
//create and show the caret
CreateCaret(hwnd, NULL, cxChar, cyChar);
SetCaretPos(xCaret * cxChar, yCaret * cyChar);
ShowCaret(hwnd);
return 0;
case WM_KILLFOCUS:
//hide and destroy the caret
HideCaret(hwnd);
DestroyCaret();
return 0;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
switch (wParam)
{
case VK_HOME:
xCaret = 0;
break;
case VK_END:
xCaret = cxBuffer - 1;
break;
case VK_PRIOR:
yCaret = 0;
break;
case VK_NEXT:
yCaret = cyBuffer - 1;
break;
case VK_LEFT:
xCaret = max(xCaret - 1, 0);
break;
case VK_RIGHT:
xCaret = min(xCaret + 1, cxBuffer - 1);
break;
case VK_UP:
yCaret = max(yCaret - 1, 0);
break;
case VK_DOWN:
yCaret = min(yCaret + 1, cyBuffer - 1);
break;
case VK_DELETE:
//delete the character in the buffer and redraw the character this line.
for (x = xCaret; x < cxBuffer - 1; x++)
BUFFER(x, yCaret) = BUFFER(x +1 , yCaret);
BUFFER(cxBuffer - 1, yCaret) = TEXT(' ');
HideCaret(hwnd);
//redraw the character on the screen.
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc, CreateFont(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
dwCharSet, 0, 0, 0, FIXED_PITCH, NULL));
TextOut(hdc, xCaret * cxChar, yCaret * cyChar,
&BUFFER(xCaret, yCaret),
cxBuffer - xCaret); //redraw the text from the current Caret to the end of the line.
DeleteObject(SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)));
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
ShowCaret(hwnd);
break;
}
SetCaretPos(xCaret * cxChar, yCaret * cyChar);
return 0;
case WM_CHAR:
//process for multiple input of the same characters.
for (i = 0; i < (int)LOWORD(lParam); ++i)
{
switch (wParam)
{
case TEXT('\b'): //backspace
if (xCaret > 0)
{
xCaret--;
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_KEYDOWN, VK_DELETE, 1);
}
break;
case TEXT('\t'): //tab
do
{
SendMessage(hwnd, WM_CHAR, TEXT(' '), 1);
} while (xCaret % 4 != 0);
break;
case TEXT('\n'): //line feed
if (++yCaret == cyBuffer)
yCaret = 0;
break;
case TEXT('\r'): //carriage return
xCaret = 0;
if (++yCaret == cyBuffer)
yCaret = 0;
break;
case TEXT('\x1B'): //escape
for (y = 0; y < cyBuffer; y++)
for (x = 0; x < cxBuffer; x++)
BUFFER(x, y) = TEXT(' ');
xCaret = 0;
yCaret = 0;
InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, FALSE);
break;
default: //character codes;
BUFFER(xCaret, yCaret) = (TCHAR)wParam;
HideCaret(hwnd);
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc, CreateFont(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
dwCharSet, 0, 0, 0, FIXED_PITCH, NULL));
TextOut(hdc, xCaret * cxChar, yCaret * cyChar,
&BUFFER(xCaret, yCaret), 1);
DeleteObject(SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)));
ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
ShowCaret(hwnd);
if (++xCaret == cxBuffer)
{
xCaret = 0;
if (++yCaret == cyBuffer)
yCaret = 0;
}
break;
}
}
SetCaretPos(xCaret * cxChar, yCaret * cyChar);
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
SelectObject(hdc, CreateFont(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
dwCharSet, 0, 0, 0, FIXED_PITCH, NULL));
for (y = 0; y < cyBuffer; y++)
TextOut(hdc, 0, y * cyChar, &BUFFER(0, y), cxBuffer);
DeleteObject(SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FONT)));
EndPaint(hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}运行结果如下
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