装饰器(decorater)
当想改变函数的功能,而不改变函数本身定义的时候,就用到了装饰器。比如,打印函数调用的日志。正常来说在函数中添加print 或者调用log包就行。但不想改变函数本身,就需要装饰器来完成。装饰器是高阶函数,参数是需要打印日志的函数,返回值也是函数。
from functools import wraps
import time
def log(func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args,**kw):
start = time.time()
print('call {}'.format(func.__name__))
result = func(*args,**kw)
print('调用共花费{}'.format(time.time() - start))
return result
return wrapper
@log()
def fast(num):
total = 0
time.sleep(0.2)
for i in range(num):
total *= i
return total
if __name__=='__main__':
f = fast(200000)
定义自带参数的装饰器
def log(text):
def decorater(func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
start = time.time()
print('{} {}'.format(text, func.__name__))
result = func(*args,**kwargs)
print('调用共花费{}'.format(time.time() - start))
return result
return wrapper
return decorater
@log('execute')
def fast(num):
total = 0
time.sleep(0.2)
for i in range(num):
total *= i
return total
if __name__=='__main__':
f = fast(200000)
枚举类
当我们需要定义常量是,一般用大写的变量表示其是常量,例如 月份,JAN=1,FEB=2.优点是简单,但本质上还是变量。更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个类,然后每个常量是这个类的唯一实例。
from enum import Enum,unique
#unique可以帮助检测是否有重复值
@unique
class WeekDay(Enum):
Sun = 0 #锁定常量Sun的值是0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
if __name__=='__main__':
print(WeekDay.Sun)
print(WeekDay['Sun'])
print(WeekDay.Sun.value)
print(WeekDay(1))
for one in WeekDay:
print(one,one.value)