单例模式

单例模式

1. 单例类只能有一个实例。
2. 单例类必须自己创建自己的唯一实例。
3. 单例类必须给所有其他对象提供这一实例。

示例

public class Singleton {
    /* The volatile keyword ensures that multiple threads
     * handle the uniqueInstance variable correctly when it
     * is being initialized to the Singleton instance.
     * */
    private volatile static Singleton uniqueInstance;

    //外界无法访问
    private Singleton() {}

    //static方法,外界用来获得单一实例
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        if(uniqueInstance == null) {
            synchronized (Singleton.class) {
                if(uniqueInstance == null) {
                    uniqueInstance = new Singleton();
                }
            }
        }
        return uniqueInstance;
    }
}

三种实现单例方式

• 懒汉式单例
  需要加同步锁,非线程安全

//懒汉式单例类.在第一次调用的时候实例化自己   
public class Singleton {  
    private Singleton() {}  
    private static Singleton single=null;  
    //静态工厂方法   
    public static Singleton getInstance() {  
         if (single == null) {    
             single = new Singleton();  
         }    
        return single;  
    }  
}  

• 饿汉式单例
  天生的线程安全的

//饿汉式单例类.在类初始化时，已经自行实例化   
public class Singleton1 {  
    private Singleton1() {}  
    private static final Singleton1 single = new Singleton1();  
    //静态工厂方法   
    public static Singleton1 getInstance() {  
        return single;  
    }  
}  

• 登记式单例
  登记式单例实际上维护了一组单例类的实例，将这些实例存放在一个Map（登记薄）中，对于已经登记过的实例，则从Map直接返回，对于没有登记的，则先登记，然后返回。

//类似Spring里面的方法，将类名注册，下次从里面直接获取。  
public class Singleton3 {  
    private static Map<String,Singleton3> map = new HashMap<String,Singleton3>();  
    static{  
        Singleton3 single = new Singleton3();  
        map.put(single.getClass().getName(), single);  
    }  
    //保护的默认构造子  
    protected Singleton3(){}  
    //静态工厂方法,返还此类惟一的实例  
    public static Singleton3 getInstance(String name) {  
        if(name == null) {  
            name = Singleton3.class.getName();  
            System.out.println("name == null"+"--->name="+name);  
        }  
        if(map.get(name) == null) {  
            try {  
                map.put(name, (Singleton3) Class.forName(name).newInstance());  
            } catch (InstantiationException e) {  
                e.printStackTrace();  
            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {  
                e.printStackTrace();  
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {  
                e.printStackTrace();  
            }  
        }  
        return map.get(name);  
    }  
    //一个示意性的商业方法  
    public String about() {      
        return "Hello, I am RegSingleton.";      
    }      
    public static void main(String[] args) {  
        Singleton3 single3 = Singleton3.getInstance(null);  
        System.out.println(single3.about());  
    }  
}  

对于懒汉式解决线程安全的方法

1 . 在getInstance方法上加同步

public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {  
         if (single == null) {    
             single = new Singleton();  
         }    
        return single;  
}  

2 . 双重检查锁定

public static Singleton getInstance() {  
        if (singleton == null) {    
            synchronized (Singleton.class) {    
               if (singleton == null) {    
                  singleton = new Singleton();   
               }    
            }    
        }    
        return singleton;   
    }  

3 . 静态内部类

public class Singleton {    
    private static class LazyHolder {    
       private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();    
    }    
    private Singleton (){}    
    public static final Singleton getInstance() {    
       return LazyHolder.INSTANCE;    
    }    
}    

相比1,2要好一些,既实现了线程安全，又避免了同步带来的性能影响。

优点

• 单例模式优点在内存中只有一个实例,减少了内存开销.
• 单例模式可以避免对资源的多重占用,例如写一个文件时,由于只有一个实例在内存中,避免对同一个资源文件的同时写操作
• 单例模式可以在系统设置全局的访问点,优化和共享资源访问.

在Android源码中的应用

使用单例模式的例子很多,比如:

InputMethodManager类

public final class InputMethodManager {
    static final boolean DEBUG = false;
    static final String TAG = "InputMethodManager";

    static final Object mInstanceSync = new Object();
    static InputMethodManager mInstance;

    final IInputMethodManager mService;
    final Looper mMainLooper;
    /**
    * Retrieve the global InputMethodManager instance, creating it if it
    * doesn't already exist.
    * @hide
    */
   static public InputMethodManager getInstance(Context context) {
       return getInstance(context.getMainLooper());
   }

   /**
    * Internally, the input method manager can't be context-dependent, so
    * we have this here for the places that need it.
    * @hide
    */
   static public InputMethodManager getInstance(Looper mainLooper) {
      //防止多线程同时创建
       synchronized (mInstanceSync) {
           if (mInstance != null) {
               return mInstance;
           }
           IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService(Context.INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE);
           IInputMethodManager service = IInputMethodManager.Stub.asInterface(b);
           mInstance = new InputMethodManager(service, mainLooper);
       }
       return mInstance;
   }

   //构造函数
   InputMethodManager(IInputMethodManager service, Looper looper) {
       mService = service;
       mMainLooper = looper;
       mH = new H(looper);
       mIInputContext = new ControlledInputConnectionWrapper(looper,
               mDummyInputConnection);
       if (mInstance == null) {
           mInstance = this;
       }
   }

还有BluetoothOppManager类

public class BluetoothOppManager {
    private static final String TAG = "BluetoothOppManager";
    private static final boolean V = Constants.VERBOSE;
    // 创建private static类实例
    private static BluetoothOppManager INSTANCE;

    /** Used when obtaining a reference to the singleton instance. */
    private static Object INSTANCE_LOCK = new Object();

。。。
   /**
     * Get singleton instance.
     */
    public static BluetoothOppManager getInstance(Context context) {
        synchronized (INSTANCE_LOCK) {
            if (INSTANCE == null) {
                INSTANCE = new BluetoothOppManager();
            }
            INSTANCE.init(context);

            return INSTANCE;
        }
    }

参考博客

1. http://blog.csdn.net/jason0539/article/details/23297037/
2. http://www.cnblogs.com/yemeishu/archive/2013/01/04/2843705.html