Open GL学习 (二) 3D模型的使用

上篇说的是OpenGL在 2D中的使用，现在我们进入3D模式。

(本页文章，参考了http://blog.csdn.net/wangyuchun_799/article/details/7861226 以及 http://heikobehrens.net/2009/08/27/obj2opengl/)

在网上找到可以用来制作3 Ｄ模型的免费软件，Blender, Cheetah3D。其中Blender是免费的，而Cheetah3D需要花费469多人民币。这两个都可以用来制作Obj模型文件，并可以存储为obj文件，而Cheetah3D文件还可以直接生成.h文件，供代码直接使用，而Blender可以导出为obj文件，但不能再直接生成.h文件。 

这里我使用的是Blender，（可直接去其官网进行下载）。

Blender制作模型后，然后导出为obj文件，由于我们在代码中不能直接使用obj文件，我们需要这个模型的数据，所以我们需要把这个obj转为.h文件供我们使用，幸运的是，有这一个脚本可以做这事，就是"objopengl.pl"。 

在命令行中，运行 

./obj2opengl.pl myobj.obj

-(void)render

{

    // 加载3Ｄ模型

    [self bindMaterial:material3DKey];

    

    glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);

glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);

glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);

    

    // 关掉颜色，因为采用3Ｄ帖图，所以需要关掉颜色

    glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);

    

glVertexPointer(vertexSize, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertexes);

    glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, uv3DCoordinates);

    glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, 0, normal3D);

    glDrawArrays(renderStyle, 0, vertexCount);

}

然后就是设置光照，代码如下：

-(void)setupLighting

{

// cull the unseen faces

// we use 'front' culling because Cheetah3d exports our models to be compatible

// with this way

glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);

glCullFace(GL_FRONT);

    // Light features

    GLfloat light_ambient[]= { 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f };

    GLfloat light_diffuse[]= { 80.0f, 80.0f, 80.0f, 0.0f };

    GLfloat light_specular[]= { 80.0f, 80.0f, 80.0f, 0.0f };

    // Set up light 0

    glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, light_ambient);

    glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light_diffuse);

    glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, light_specular);

    

    // // // Material features

    //  GLfloat mat_specular[] = { 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0 };

    //  GLfloat mat_shininess[] = { 120.0 };

    //  glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);

    //  glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SHININESS, mat_shininess);

    

    glShadeModel (GL_SMOOTH);

    

// Place the light up and to the right

    GLfloat light0_position[] = { 50.0, 50.0, 50.0, 1.0 };

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_position);

    // Enable lighting and lights

    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);

}

这里也有一个例子可以下载，里面进行了简化，工程中加入了纹理、旋转、平移和光照，包含OBJ文件和对应的纹理图片。注意在经过本人尝试后发现，JPG、GIF和PNG都是可以使用的纹理图片，而tga格式加载失败，所以还是使用PNG格式好一点。

本地预览.3DS、.OBJ、.MD2、.MD3、.MS3D、.X等模型文件，推荐使用supermodel （下载地址：supermodel，注意这是windows平台使用的），这里还有一些有几个OBJ 3D示例模型，感兴趣的可以下载使用 (这里)

可以直接下载这个例子运行，来感受OpenGL的强大，OBJ2OpenGLES示例代码 以及obj2opengl.zip 例子。

下面是这个脚本的内容，复制完成后，存储为"objopengl.pl"文件即可。

#! /usr/bin/perl

=head1 NAME

 obj2opengl - converts obj files to arrays for glDrawArrays

 

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 obj2opengl [options] file

 use -help or -man for further information

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This script expects and OBJ file consisting of vertices,

texture coords and normals. Each face must contain

exactly 3 vertices. The texture coords are two dimonsional.

The resulting .H file offers three float arrays to be rendered

with glDrawArrays.

=head1 AUTHOR

Heiko Behrens (http://www.HeikoBehrens.net)

=head1 VERSION

14th August 2012

=head1 COPYRIGHT

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify

it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or

(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This script is based on the work of Margaret Geroch.

=head1 REQUIRED ARGUMENTS

The first or the last argument has to be an OBJ file according 

to this () specification.

=head1 OPTIONS

=over

=item B<-help>

Print a brief help message and exits.

=item B<-man>

Prints the extended manual page and exits.

=item B<-noScale>    

Prevents automatic scaling. Otherwise the object will be scaled

such the the longest dimension is 1 unit.

=item B<-scale <float>>

Sets the scale factor explicitly. Please be aware that negative numbers

are not handled correctly regarding the orientation of the normals.

=item B<-noMove>

Prevents automatic scaling. Otherwise the object will be moved to the center of

its vertices.

=item B<-o>, B<-outputFilename>

Name of the output file name. If omitted, the output file the same as the

input filename but with the extension .h

=item B<-nameOfObject>

Specifies the name of the generated variables. If omitted, same as 

output filename without path and extension.

=item B<-noverbose>

Runs this script silently.

   

=cut

use Getopt::Long;

use File::Basename;

use Pod::Usage;

# -----------------------------------------------------------------

# Main Program

# -----------------------------------------------------------------

handleArguments();

# derive center coords and scale factor if neither provided nor disabled

unless(defined($scalefac) && defined($xcen)) {

calcSizeAndCenter();

}

if($verbose) {

printInputAndOptions();

}

# TODO check integrity: Does every referenced vertex, normal and coord exist?

loadData();

normalizeNormals();

if($verbose) {

printStatistics();

}

writeOutput();

# -----------------------------------------------------------------

# Sub Routines

# -----------------------------------------------------------------

sub handleArguments() {

my $help = 0;

my $man = 0;

my $noscale = 0;

my $nomove = 0;

$verbose = 1;

$errorInOptions = !GetOptions (

"help" => \$help,

"man"  => \$man,

"noScale" => \$noscale,

"scale=f" => \$scalefac,

"noMove" => \$nomove,

"center=f{3}" => \@center,

"outputFilename=s" => \$outFilename,

"nameOfObject=s" => \$object,

"verbose!" => \$verbose,

);

if($noscale) {

$scalefac = 1;

}

if($nomove) {

@center = (0, 0, 0);

}

if(defined(@center)) {

$xcen = $center[0];

$ycen = $center[1];

$zcen = $center[2];

}

if($#ARGV == 0) {

my ($file, $dir, $ext) = fileparse($ARGV[0], qr/\.[^.]*/);

$inFilename = $dir . $file . $ext;

} else {

$errorInOptions = true;

}

# (optional) derive output filename from input filename

unless($errorInOptions || defined($outFilename)) {

my ($file, $dir, $ext) = fileparse($inFilename, qr/\.[^.]*/);

$outFilename = $dir . $file . ".h";

}

# (optional) define object name from output filename

unless($errorInOptions || defined($object)) {

my ($file, $dir, $ext) = fileparse($outFilename, qr/\.[^.]*/);

  $object = $file;

}

($inFilename ne $outFilename) or

die ("Input filename must not be the same as output filename")

unless($errorInOptions);

if($errorInOptions || $man || $help) {

pod2usage(-verbose => 2) if $man;

pod2usage(-verbose => 1) if $help;

pod2usage(); 

}

# check wheter file exists

open ( INFILE, "<$inFilename" ) 

  || die "Can't find file '$inFilename' ...exiting \n";

close(INFILE);

}

# Stores center of object in $xcen, $ycen, $zcen

# and calculates scaling factor $scalefac to limit max

#   side of object to 1.0 units

sub calcSizeAndCenter() {

open ( INFILE, "<$inFilename" ) 

  || die "Can't find file $inFilename...exiting \n";

$numVerts = 0;

my (

$xsum, $ysum, $zsum, 

$xmin, $ymin, $zmin,

$xmax, $ymax, $zmax,

);

while ( $line = <INFILE> ) 

{

  chop $line;

 

  if ($line =~ /v\s+.*/)

  {

 

    $numVerts++;

    @tokens = split(' ', $line);

   

    $xsum += $tokens[1];

    $ysum += $tokens[2];

    $zsum += $tokens[3];

   

    if ( $numVerts == 1 )

    {

      $xmin = $tokens[1];

      $xmax = $tokens[1];

      $ymin = $tokens[2];

      $ymax = $tokens[2];

      $zmin = $tokens[3];

      $zmax = $tokens[3];

    }

    else

    {   

        if ($tokens[1] < $xmin)

      {

        $xmin = $tokens[1];

      }

      elsif ($tokens[1] > $xmax)

      {

        $xmax = $tokens[1];

      }

   

      if ($tokens[2] < $ymin) 

      {

        $ymin = $tokens[2];

      }

      elsif ($tokens[2] > $ymax) 

      {

        $ymax = $tokens[2];

      }

   

      if ($tokens[3] < $zmin) 

      {

        $zmin = $tokens[3];

      }

      elsif ($tokens[3] > $zmax) 

      {

        $zmax = $tokens[3];

      }

   

    }

 

  }

 

}

close INFILE;

#  Calculate the center

unless(defined($xcen)) {

$xcen = $xsum / $numVerts;

$ycen = $ysum / $numVerts;

$zcen = $zsum / $numVerts;

}

#  Calculate the scale factor

unless(defined($scalefac)) {

my $xdiff = ($xmax - $xmin);

my $ydiff = ($ymax - $ymin);

my $zdiff = ($zmax - $zmin);

if ( ( $xdiff >= $ydiff ) && ( $xdiff >= $zdiff ) ) 

{

  $scalefac = $xdiff;

}

elsif ( ( $ydiff >= $xdiff ) && ( $ydiff >= $zdiff ) ) 

{

  $scalefac = $ydiff;

}

else 

{

  $scalefac = $zdiff;

}

$scalefac = 1.0 / $scalefac;

}

}

sub printInputAndOptions() {

print "Input file     : $inFilename\n";

print "Output file    : $outFilename\n";

print "Object name    : $object\n";

print "Center         : <$xcen, $ycen, $zcen>\n";

print "Scale by       : $scalefac\n";

}

sub printStatistics() {

print "----------------\n";

print "Vertices       : $numVerts\n";

print "Faces          : $numFaces\n";

print "Texture Coords : $numTexture\n";

print "Normals        : $numNormals\n";

}

# reads vertices into $xcoords[], $ycoords[], $zcoords[]

#   where coordinates are moved and scaled according to

#   $xcen, $ycen, $zcen and $scalefac

# reads texture coords into $tx[], $ty[] 

#   where y coordinate is mirrowed

# reads normals into $nx[], $ny[], $nz[]

#   but does not normalize, see normalizeNormals()

# reads faces and establishes lookup data where

#   va_idx[], vb_idx[], vc_idx[] for vertices

#   ta_idx[], tb_idx[], tc_idx[] for texture coords

#   na_idx[], nb_idx[], nc_idx[] for normals

#   store indizes for the former arrays respectively

#   also, $face_line[] store actual face string

sub loadData {

$numVerts = 0;

$numFaces = 0;

$numTexture = 0;

$numNormals = 0;

open ( INFILE, "<$inFilename" )

  || die "Can't find file $inFilename...exiting \n";

while ($line = <INFILE>) 

{

  chop $line;

 

  # vertices

  if ($line =~ /v\s+.*/)

  {

    @tokens= split(' ', $line);

    $x = ( $tokens[1] - $xcen ) * $scalefac;

    $y = ( $tokens[2] - $ycen ) * $scalefac;

    $z = ( $tokens[3] - $zcen ) * $scalefac;    

    $xcoords[$numVerts] = $x; 

    $ycoords[$numVerts] = $y;

    $zcoords[$numVerts] = $z;

    $numVerts++;

  }

 

  # texture coords

  if ($line =~ /vt\s+.*/)

  {

    @tokens= split(' ', $line);

    $x = $tokens[1];

    $y = 1 - $tokens[2];

    $tx[$numTexture] = $x;

    $ty[$numTexture] = $y;

   

    $numTexture++;

  }

 

  #normals

  if ($line =~ /vn\s+.*/)

  {

    @tokens= split(' ', $line);

    $x = $tokens[1];

    $y = $tokens[2];

    $z = $tokens[3];

    $nx[$numNormals] = $x; 

    $ny[$numNormals] = $y;

    $nz[$numNormals] = $z;

    $numNormals++;

  }

 

  # faces

  if ($line =~ /f\s+([^ ]+)\s+([^ ]+)\s+([^ ]+)(\s+([^ ]+))?/) 

  {

  @a = split('/', $1);

  @b = split('/', $2);

  @c = split('/', $3);

  $va_idx[$numFaces] = $a[0]-1;

  $ta_idx[$numFaces] = $a[1]-1;

  $na_idx[$numFaces] = $a[2]-1;

  $vb_idx[$numFaces] = $b[0]-1;

  $tb_idx[$numFaces] = $b[1]-1;

  $nb_idx[$numFaces] = $b[2]-1;

  $vc_idx[$numFaces] = $c[0]-1;

  $tc_idx[$numFaces] = $c[1]-1;

  $nc_idx[$numFaces] = $c[2]-1;

 

  $face_line[$numFaces] = $line;

 

$numFaces++;

# ractangle => second triangle

if($5 != "")

{

@d = split('/', $5);

$va_idx[$numFaces] = $a[0]-1;

$ta_idx[$numFaces] = $a[1]-1;

$na_idx[$numFaces] = $a[2]-1;

$vb_idx[$numFaces] = $d[0]-1;

$tb_idx[$numFaces] = $d[1]-1;

$nb_idx[$numFaces] = $d[2]-1;

$vc_idx[$numFaces] = $c[0]-1;

$tc_idx[$numFaces] = $c[1]-1;

$nc_idx[$numFaces] = $c[2]-1;

$face_line[$numFaces] = $line;

$numFaces++;

}

  }  

}

close INFILE;

}

sub normalizeNormals {

for ( $j = 0; $j < $numNormals; ++$j) 

{

$d = sqrt ( $nx[$j]*$nx[$j] + $ny[$j]*$ny[$j] + $nz[$j]*$nz[$j] );

 

  if ( $d == 0 )

  {

    $nx[$j] = 1;

    $ny[$j] = 0;

    $nz[$j] = 0;

  }

  else

  {

    $nx[$j] = $nx[$j] / $d;

    $ny[$j] = $ny[$j] / $d;

    $nz[$j] = $nz[$j] / $d;

  }

   

}

}

sub fixedIndex {

    local $idx = $_[0];

    local $num = $_[1];

    if($idx >= 0)

    {

        $idx;

    } else {

        $num + $idx + 1;

    }

}

sub writeOutput {

open ( OUTFILE, ">$outFilename" ) 

  || die "Can't create file $outFilename ... exiting\n";

print OUTFILE "/*\n";

print OUTFILE "created with obj2opengl.pl\n\n";

# some statistics

print OUTFILE "source file    : $inFilename\n";

print OUTFILE "vertices       : $numVerts\n";

print OUTFILE "faces          : $numFaces\n";

print OUTFILE "normals        : $numNormals\n";

print OUTFILE "texture coords : $numTexture\n";

print OUTFILE "\n\n";

# example usage

print OUTFILE "// include generated arrays\n";

print OUTFILE "#import \"".$outFilename."\"\n";

print OUTFILE "\n";

print OUTFILE "// set input data to arrays\n";

print OUTFILE "glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, ".$object."Verts);\n";

print OUTFILE "glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, 0, ".$object."Normals);\n"

if $numNormals > 0;

print OUTFILE "glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, ".$object."TexCoords);\n"

if $numTexture > 0;

print OUTFILE "\n";

print OUTFILE "// draw data\n";

print OUTFILE "glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, ".$object."NumVerts);\n";

print OUTFILE "*/\n\n";

# needed constant for glDrawArrays

print OUTFILE "unsigned int ".$object."NumVerts = ".($numFaces * 3).";\n\n";

# write verts

print OUTFILE "float ".$object."Verts \[\] = {\n"; 

for( $j = 0; $j < $numFaces; $j++)

{

$ia = fixedIndex($va_idx[$j], $numVerts);

$ib = fixedIndex($vb_idx[$j], $numVerts);

$ic = fixedIndex($vc_idx[$j], $numVerts);

print OUTFILE "  // $face_line[$j]\n";

print OUTFILE "  $xcoords[$ia], $ycoords[$ia], $zcoords[$ia],\n";

print OUTFILE "  $xcoords[$ib], $ycoords[$ib], $zcoords[$ib],\n";

print OUTFILE "  $xcoords[$ic], $ycoords[$ic], $zcoords[$ic],\n";

}

print OUTFILE "};\n\n";

# write normals

if($numNormals > 0) {

print OUTFILE "float ".$object."Normals \[\] = {\n"; 

for( $j = 0; $j < $numFaces; $j++) {

$ia = fixedIndex($na_idx[$j], $numNormals);

$ib = fixedIndex($nb_idx[$j], $numNormals);

$ic = fixedIndex($nc_idx[$j], $numNormals);

print OUTFILE "  // $face_line[$j]\n";

print OUTFILE "  $nx[$ia], $ny[$ia], $nz[$ia],\n";

print OUTFILE "  $nx[$ib], $ny[$ib], $nz[$ib],\n";

print OUTFILE "  $nx[$ic], $ny[$ic], $nz[$ic],\n";

}

print OUTFILE "};\n\n";

}

# write texture coords

if($numTexture) {

print OUTFILE "float ".$object."TexCoords \[\] = {\n"; 

for( $j = 0; $j < $numFaces; $j++) {

$ia = fixedIndex($ta_idx[$j], $numTexture);

$ib = fixedIndex($tb_idx[$j], $numTexture);

$ic = fixedIndex($tc_idx[$j], $numTexture);

print OUTFILE "  // $face_line[$j]\n";

print OUTFILE "  $tx[$ia], $ty[$ia],\n";

print OUTFILE "  $tx[$ib], $ty[$ib],\n";

print OUTFILE "  $tx[$ic], $ty[$ic],\n";

}

print OUTFILE "};\n\n";

}

close OUTFILE;

}