二、Morphological Filtering

The goals of image enhance

Improve the visibility and perceptibility of the various  regions into which an image can be partitioned and detectability of the image features inside these regions

–Cleaning the image from various types of noise

–Enhancing the contrast among adjacent regions or features

–Simplifying the image via selective smoothing or elimination of features at certain scales

从各种噪声中清除图像

增强相邻区域或特征之间的对比度

通过选择平滑或消除某些尺度上的特征来简化图像

•Morphological image processing（形态图像处理）

–A broad and coherent collection of theoretical concepts, nonlinear filters, design methodologies, and applications systems

–Preserve, uncover, or detect the geometric structure of image object

–Offer efficient solutions to other nonlinear tasks such as non-Gaussian noise suppression

理论概念、非线性滤波器、设计方法和应用系统的广泛而连贯的集合

保留、揭示或检测图像对象的几何结构

为其他非线性任务提供有效的解决方案，如非高斯噪声抑制

•一、Morphological Image Operators

https://blog.csdn.net/zxli3011/article/details/50522939 详细论述

（1） binary image

Dilation（扩大、膨胀操作）：

the Boolean OR transformation of X by a (window) set B where is the translation of X along the vector y

膨胀可以看做是腐蚀的对偶运算，其定义是：把结构元素B平移a后得到Ba，若Ba击中X，我们记下这个a点。

•Erosion

the Boolean AND transformation of ? by ?? , where

is the reflection of B

X用S腐蚀的结果是所有使S平移x后仍在X中的x的集合。

•Cascading erosion and dilation creates two other operations

     opening    ?∘?≡?⊖?⊕?

先腐蚀后膨胀称为开运算

     closing      ?⦁?≡?⊕?⊖?

先膨胀后腐蚀称为闭运算

     B is usually called a structuring element and has a simple geometrical shape and a size smaller than the image X

B通常被称为结构元素，具有一个简单的几何形状和小于图像X的尺寸

（2）graylevel image

https://blog.csdn.net/yi_tech_blog/article/details/65947158 灰度的扩张和腐蚀

•二、Morphological Filters for  Enhancement

Image Smoothing or Simplification

•Multiscale Morphological Smoothers

•Noise Suppresion by Median and Alternating Sequential Filters

•多尺度形态平滑器
•中位数和交替顺序滤波器的噪声抑制

Edge or Contrast Enhancement

•Morphological Gradients

Consider the difference between that flat dilation and erosion of an image ?f by a symmetric disk-like set B containing the origin whose diameter diam(B) is very small

•三、Morphological Filters for Detection

Morphological Peak/Valley Feature Detection

Residual between opening or closings and the original image offer an intuitively simple and mathematically formal way for peak or valley detection

      Top-hat transformation:

Valley detector: