三、Wavelet Denoising（小波去噪）

傅里叶变换：知道一段时间内，信号的各个频率分量有分别多少。

https://www.cnblogs.com/h2zZhou/p/8405717.html （傅立叶）
小波变换：知道一段时间内，信号的各个频率分量有分别多少，以及他们都是什么时候出现的。

Multiresolution theory（多分辨率理论）

•Image pyramids

    an image pyramid is a collection of decreasing resolution images arranged in the shape of a pyramid

 the base of the pyramid contains a high-resolution representation of the image being processed; the apex contains a low-resolution approximation 

•Subband coding

    in subband coding, an image is decomposed into a set of bandlimited components, called subbands. The decomposition is performed so that the subbands can be reassembled to reconstruct the original image without error .

一、Wavelet Transform

•Haar transform:  ?=HFH^T

https://wenku.baidu.com/view/36b557365a8102d276a22fdd.html

第二个前面拉了一个负号

ps：

F就是原图的矩阵，H是haar矩阵。（N是从多少个元素中提取特征），第一行是approximation ，其他的是detail coefficients

•Wavelet transform in one dimension 

一维的小波变换过程⬆️

•The Fast Wavelet Transform

h为haar矩阵，左右延长取0

•Wavelet transforms in two dimensions

行和列分别缩小一半

Computing a 2-D three-scale FWT

a)The original image

b)a one-scale FWT

c)a two-scale FWT

d)a three-scale FWT

•two-level inverse DWT（discrete wavelet transform）

二、Wavelet Shrinkage Denoising
The Donoho-Johnstone Method

小波阀值去噪

•Wavelet shrinkage denoising — Donoho-Johnstone method

•Suppose we want to recover a one-dimensional signal ? from a noisy observation ?

??=??+?(?)

•The method attempts to reject noise by damping or thresholding in the wavelet domain, the estimate of the signal

?=?−1????

A thresholding operation attenuates noise energy by removing those small coefficients while maintaining signal energy by keeping these large coefficients unchanged

阈值运算通过去除这些小系数来衰减噪声能量，同时通过保持这些大系数不变来保持信号能量。（软硬阀值）

Hard thresholding

Soft thresholding

三、Image Enhancement via Wavelet Shrinkage：

（1）Suppression of Additive Noise：

•Replacing the 1-D DWT by the 2-D DWT, we can apply directly the thresholding operation on the 2-D DWT coefficients, complexity ?(??)

•Thresholding is performed only in the wavelet coefficients that do not correspond to any image features

•Successful applications of denosing via wavelet shrinkage:

    reduction of speckles in radar image removal of noise in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

用二维离散小波变换代替一维离散小波变换，可以直接对二维离散小波系数进行阈值运算，复杂度为O（NM）

阈值仅在与任何图像特征不对应的小波系数中执行。

小波收缩去噪的成功应用：

减少雷达图像中的斑点消除磁共振成像（MRI）中的噪声

（2）Removal of Blocking Artifacts in DCT-Coded Images：（去除压缩图像的阴影块？）

•Lossy image coding is essential in many visual communication applications 

•the distortion caused by compression usually manifests itself as various perceptually annoying artifacts

有损图像编码在许多视觉通信应用中是必不可少的。

压缩造成的失真通常表现为各种令人讨厌的视觉效果。

DImage Compression（图像压缩）

尺度a（scale）和平移量 τ（translation）。尺度a控制小波函数的伸缩，平移量 τ控制小波函数的平移。尺度就对应于频率（反比），平移量 τ就对应于时间。

四（plus）、Wavelet Image Compression

•1 What Are Wavelets: why Are They Good for Image Coding?

•2 The Compression Problem

•3 The Transform Coding Paradigm

background：

•Uncompressed images take too much space, require larger bandwidth for transmission and longer time to transmit

•Examples:

–512x512 grayscale image:  262KB

–512x512 color image: 786KB

•The common principle beyond compression is to reduce redundancy: spatial and spectral redundancy

Original JPEG:

•Transform each 8x8 block using DCT

•Since adjacent pixels are highly correlated, most of the coefficients are concentrated at lower frequencies.

•Quantize the DCT coefficients (uniform quantization) and then entropy encode for further compression

Disadvantage of DCT:

•DCT based JPEG uses blocks of image, there is still correlation across blocks.

•Block boundaries are noticeable in some cases

•Blocking artifacts at low bit rates

•Can overlap the blocksà Computationally expensive

1.question1.

•No need to block the image

•More robust under transmission errors

•Facilitates progressive transmission of the image (Scalability)

2.question2.

•Lossless compression can reconstruct the original image, the compression ratios are of the order 2:1, or at most 3:1

•Lossy compression discards redundant information, achieves higher compression ratios.

•Lossy compression, rate-distortion(R-D) theory by Shannon, fundamental compression performance bounds are called the theoretical R-D bounds for the source: the minimum rate R needed to compress the source if the tolerable distortion level is D

3.question3.（不想看了。。。）