本文探讨了几何光学中的两个重要概念——近轴光学和高斯光学。近轴光学主要研究小角度下光的传播规律，适用于简单光学系统的设计和分析。高斯光学则涉及更大的系统，引入了薄透镜和高斯光束的概念，用于描述复杂光学系统的成像性质。两者在实际应用中有明显的区别和联系。
近轴光学
Paraxial means very close to, but not restricted to, the axis Thus, the paraxial region of an axially centered optical system can be viewed as a tiny channel surrounding the axis. Rays lying everywhere within this channel are called palax-ial lays. Palaxial ray heights and ray angles arevery small and approach zero in the limit.
it can be shown that all ray from an object point on the axis are perfectly located at an image point on the axis. There are no aberrations.
For
a paraxial off-axis object point and paraxial rays, a perfect point image is similarly achieved.
there is no field curvature and distortion. Even off-axis, there are no abelrations.
A paraxial ray is really only a mathem
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