慢学英文版UNIX/Linux系统管理员手册17

##Bootstrapping
一：正文
Bootstrapping is the standard term for “starting up a computer” 。The operating system’s normal facilities are not available during the startup process, so the computer must “pull itself up by its own bootstraps.” During bootstrapping,the kernel is loaded into memory and begins to execute. A variety of initialization tasks are performed,and the system is then made available to users.
Boot time is a period of special vulnerability. Errors in configuration,missing or unreliable equipment , and damaged filesystems can all prevent a computer from coming up . Boot configuration is often one of the first tasks an administrator must perform on a new system,especially when adding new hardware.Unfortunately,it is also one of the touchiest. and it requires some familiarity with many other aspects of the system.
When a computer is turned on , it first executes boot code that is stored in ROM.That code in turn attempts to figure out how to load and start the kernel. The kernel probes the system’s hardware and then spawns the system’s init process,which is always process number 1.
Before the system is fully booted,filesystems must be checked and mounted ,and system daemons started. These procedures are managed by a series of shell scripts that are run in sequence by init . The exact layout of the
startup scripts and the manner in which they are executed vary among systems.We cover the details later in this chapter.
二：单词
*：standard /'stændəd/ 标准
*term /tɜːm/ 术语
*：operating /'ɒpəreɪtɪŋ/ 操作
*：facilities /fə’sɪlɪtɪz/ 工具
*：available /ə’veɪləb(ə)l/ 可获的的
*：during /'djʊərɪŋ/ 在。。。时候
*：bootstraps 引导程序
*：execute /'eksɪkjuːt/ 执行
*：variety /və’raɪətɪ/ 多样的
*：initialization /ɪ,nɪʃəlaɪ’zeɪʃən/ 初始化
*：perform /pə’fɔːm/ 执行
*：period /'pɪərɪəd/ 周期
*：vulnerability /,vʌlnərə’bɪlətɪ/ 计算机安全隐患
*：configuration 配置
*：unreliable /ʌnrɪ’laɪəb(ə)l/ 不可依赖的
*：equipment /ɪ’kwɪpm(ə)nt/ 设备
*：damaged 损坏
*：prevent /prɪ’vent/ 阻止
*：Unfortunately /ʌnˈfɔːtʃənətli/ 不幸的
*：touchiest 敏感的
*：requires 需求
*：attempts 试图
*：figure out 算出
*：daemons 守护进程
三：全文
引导是启动计算机的标准说法。操作系统的正常功能在启动过程中还不能使用，因此，计算机必须用自己的引导程序把自己启动起来。在引导过程中，内核先被加载到内存中，然后开始执行。执行完各种初始化任务以后，用户就能够使用系统了。
引导阶段是系统最脆弱的一段时间。配置里有错误，找不到设备或设备不可靠，还有文件系统受损都会导致计算机启动不了。配置系统正常引导经常是系统管理员必须在新系统上做的第一批任务之一。遗憾的是，这也是最困难的任务之一，它要求熟悉Linux的其他许多方面。
计算机开机以后，它先执行保存在ROM中的引导代码。接下来，这段代码试着确定如何加载并启动内核。内核检测系统的硬件，然后产生系统的init进程，这个进程始终是pid1
系统完全启动起来之前，先要检查并挂载文件系统，并且启动系统的守护进程。这些步骤由init进程按顺序运行的一系列shell脚本来管理的。启动脚本的确切位置布局，执行方式都随操作系统的不同而不同。