慢学英文版UNIX/Linux系统管理员手册18

##Recover boot to a shell
一：正文
In normal operation,systems boot themselves independently and are then accessed remotely by administrators and users.However,administrators need a recovery tool they can use if a disk crashes or a configuration problem prevents the system from completing the normal boot process.Instead of shooting for full system operation,UNIX systems can boot just enough to run a shell on the system console.This option is traditionally known as booting to single-user mode,recovery mode,or maintenance mode,all terms that we use interchangeably in this chapter.As its name implies,single-user mode does not allow network operation;you need physical access to the system console to use it.
On most systems,you request a boot to single-mode by passing an argument to the kernel at boot time.If the system is already up and running,you can bring it down to single-user mode with the shutdown or telinit command.
二：单词
*：operation /ɒpə’reɪʃ(ə)n/ 操作
*：independent /,ɪndɪ’pendənt/ 独立的
*：access /'ækses/ 访问
*：remotely /rɪ’məʊtlɪ/ 远程的
*：recovery /rɪ’kʌv(ə)rɪ/ 恢复
*：crashes 崩溃
*：completing 完成
*：interchangeably 可交换的
*：implies 蕴含
三：全文
在正常的运行情况下，系统可以自行引导，引导起来以后，系统管理员和用户就能够远程访问它。不过，如果因为硬盘损坏或者配置有问题，造成系统不能完成正常的引导过程，系统管理员就需要工具来恢复。UNIX系统也可以不追求完整启动，而只是部分引导，只要在控制台运行shell即可。这种方式传统上称为引导进入单用户模式，恢复模式或者维护模式，我们不加区分。顾明思议，单用户模式不能进行网络操作；用户要到控制台前使用它。
在大多数系统上，我们通过引导时候传给内核一个参数，引导进入单用户模式。