线性代数-----行列式的性质

行列式的性质

设$D=\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{11}{a}_{12}\cdots a_{1n}\\ a_{21}{a}_{22}\cdots a_{2n}\\ ⋮⋮\cdots ⋮\\ a_{n1}{a}_{n2}\cdots a_{nn}\end{array}\right|$

$D^T=\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{11}{a}_{21}\cdots a_{n1}\\ a_{12}{a}_{22}\cdots a_{n2}\\ ⋮⋮\cdots ⋮\\ a_{1n}{a}_{2n}\cdots a_{nn}\end{array}\right|$

性质1: $D=D^T$

在行列式中, 行和列的位置是对称的, 对行成立的, 对列也成立.因此下面只介绍关于行列式的行的性质 .

性质2: 互换两行, 行列式变号.即

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{j1} \quad a_{j2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{jn} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|= -\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{j1} \quad a_{j2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{jn} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right| $

思考如何证明?

考虑三阶行列式交换2行的结果.

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad a_{13} \ a_{21} \quad a_{22} \quad a_{23} \ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| \rightarrow \left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{22} \quad a_{23} \ a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad a_{13} \ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| $

$=a_{21}{a}_{12}{a}_{33}+a_{11}{a}_{32}{a}_{23}+a_{22}{a}_{13}{a}_{31}-a_{31}{a}_{12}{a}_{23}-a_{32}{a}_{13}{a}_{21}-a_{11}{a}_{22}{a}_{33}$

原始的行列式 $=a_{11}{a}_{22}{a}_{33}+a_{12}{a}_{23}{a}_{31}+a_{21}{a}_{32}{a}_{13}-a_{31}{a}_{22}{a}_{13}-a_{32}{a}_{23}{a}_{11}-a_{33}{a}_{21}{a}_{12}$

$对原式按照第一行展开a_{11}(-1{)}^{(}1+1)\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{22}{a}_{23}\\ a_{32}{a}_{33}\end{array}\right|+a_{12}(-1{)}^{(}1+2)\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{21}{a}_{23}\\ a_{31}{a}_{33}\end{array}\right|+a_{13}(-1{)}^{(}1+3)\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{21}{a}_{22}\\ a_{31}{a}_{32}\end{array}\right|$

$对交换之后的矩阵按照第二行展开a_{11}(-1{)}^{(}2+1)\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{22}{a}_{23}\\ a_{32}{a}_{33}\end{array}\right|+a_{12}(-1{)}^{(}2+2)\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{21}{a}_{23}\\ a_{31}{a}_{33}\end{array}\right|+a_{13}(-1{)}^{(}2+3)\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{21}{a}_{22}\\ a_{31}{a}_{32}\end{array}\right|$

推论: 若行列式中有两行元素完全相同, 则行列式为0.

$|D|=-|D|\Rightarrow 0$

设$A_{ij}为元素a_{ij}的代数余子式,则有$

$a_{j1}{A}_{i1}+a_{j2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{jn}{A}_{in}=0(i\ne j)$

怎么证明,考虑下面行列式

$\left|\begin{array}{c}{a}_{11}{a}_{12}\cdots a_{1n}\\ ⋮⋮\cdots ⋮\\ a_{i1}{a}_{i2}\cdots a_{in}\\ ⋮⋮\cdots ⋮\\ a_{i1}{a}_{i2}\cdots a_{in}\\ ⋮⋮\cdots ⋮\\ a_{n1}{a}_{n2}\cdots a_{nn}\end{array}\right|$

这个行列式第i行和第j行的元素相同, 根据第i行展开可得$D=a_{i1}{A}_{i1}+a_{i2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{in}{A}_{in}$根据性质2的推论, 行列式中有两行元素完全相同,行列式的值为0, 所以$D=0$, 又因为第i行和第j行的元素相同, 所以$a_{i1}=a_{j1},a_{i2}=aj2\cdots a_{in}=a_{jn}$带入到上面的式子得到$D=a_{j1}{A}_{i1}+a_{j2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{jn}{A}_{in}=0$

即行列式中某一行(第j行)的元素与第i行元素的的代数余子式乘积之和是0, 同理列也一样.

可得

$a_{j1}{A}_{i1}+a_{j2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{jn}{A}_{in}=0(i\ne j)$

$a_{j1}{A}_{i1}+a_{j2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{jn}{A}_{in}=D(i=j)$

性质3: 用数k乘行列式中某一行的所有元素, 等于用k乘此行列式.即:

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|= k\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right| $

推论: 某一行的所有元素的公因子可以提到行列式符号的外面.

比如 $\left|\begin{array}{c}-84-6\\ 21-1\\ 16-27\end{array}\right|=2\left|\begin{array}{c}-42-3\\ 21-1\\ 16-27\end{array}\right|=4\left|\begin{array}{c}-22-3\\ 11-1\\ 8-27\end{array}\right|$

性质4: 行列式某一行元素加上另一行对应元素的k倍, 行列式的值不变.即:

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} + ka_{j1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} + ka_{jn} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{j1} \quad a_{j2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{jn} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{j1} \quad a_{j2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{jn} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right| $

根据第i行展开$(a_{i1}+k{a}_{j1})A_{i1}+(a_{i2}+k{a}_{j2})A_{i2}+\cdots +(a_{in}+k{a}_{jn})A_{in}$

$展开:a_{i1}{A}_{i1}+a_{i2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{in}{A}_{in}+k{a}_{j1}{A}_{i1}+\cdots +k{a}_{jn}{A}_{in}$

$根据$$a_{j1}{A}_{i1}+a_{j2}{A}_{i2}+\cdots +a_{jn}{A}_{in}=0(i\ne j)得到结论$

性质5: 若行列式某一行的元素是两数之和,则行列式可拆成两个行列式的和.即:

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} + b_1 \quad a_{i2}+ b_2 \quad \cdots \quad a_{in}+b_n \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right|= \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{i1} \quad a_{i2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{in} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right| + \left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad \cdots \quad a_{1n} \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ b_1 \quad b_2 \quad \cdots \quad b_n \ \vdots \quad \vdots \quad \cdots \quad \vdots \ a_{n1} \quad a_{n2} \quad \cdots \quad a_{nn} \end{matrix} \right| $

推论: 若行列式某一行的元素都是m个元素的和. 则行列式可以写成m个行列式的和.

重点: 性质2, 性质3, 性质4.

练习1: 计算$D=\left|\begin{array}{c}3222\\ 2322\\ 2232\\ 2223\end{array}\right|$

分析: 各行元素之和为一定数, 利用性质4, 将2,3,4行全部加到第1行,然后利用性质3的推论, 将公因子提出来.

$D=\left|\begin{array}{c}9999\\ 2322\\ 2232\\ 2223\end{array}\right|=9\left|\begin{array}{c}1111\\ 2322\\ 2232\\ 2223\end{array}\right|$

然后第一行乘上-2和后面的各行相加得到

$D=9\left|\begin{array}{c}1111\\ 0100\\ 0010\\ 0001\end{array}\right|=9$

练习2: 设$\alpha +\beta +\gamma =0,求行列式\left|\begin{array}{c}\alpha \beta \gamma \\ \gamma \alpha \beta \\ \beta \gamma \alpha \end{array}\right|的值$

练习3: $D=\left|\begin{array}{c}31-12\\ -513-4\\ 201-1\\ 1-53-3\end{array}\right|$

第二列有0元素,可以想办法把第二列元素尽可能变成0, 然后按照第二列展开.

根据性质4, 第一行乘-1, 加到第二行, 第一行乘5, 加到第4行

$D=\left|\begin{array}{c}31-12\\ -513-4\\ 201-1\\ 1-53-3\end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{c}31-12\\ -804-6\\ 201-1\\ 160-2-7\end{array}\right|$

$=-\left|\begin{array}{c}-84-6\\ 21-1\\ 16-27\end{array}\right|=-\left|\begin{array}{c}-160-2\\ 21-1\\ 2005\end{array}\right|=-\left|\begin{array}{c}-16-2\\ 205\end{array}\right|=40$