设计模式七大原则之开闭原则

概述

开闭原则是编程中最基础、最重要的设计原则。

一个软件实体（类、模块、方法等）应该对扩展新功能开放，对修改原有功能关闭。用抽象构建框架，用实现扩展细节。

当软件需要添加一个功能时，尽量在原有代码基础上进行扩展，而不是修改原有代码。

案例演示

以书店销售书籍为例来说明什么是开闭原则：

public interface IBook {
    String getName();
    double getPrice();
    String getAuthor();
}

public class NovelBook implements IBook {
    private String name;
    private double price;
    private String author;

    public NovelBook() {
    }

    public NovelBook(String name, double price, String author) {
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
        this.author = author;
    }

    @Override
    public String getName() {
        return this.name;
    }

    @Override
    public double getPrice() {
        return this.price;
    }

    @Override
    public String getAuthor() {
        return this.author;
    }
}

public class BookStore {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NovelBook nb = new NovelBook("天龙八部", 95, "金庸");
        System.out.println(nb.getName());
        System.out.println(nb.getPrice());
        System.out.println(nb.getAuthor());
    }
}

假如到了双十一，要搞打折活动，40元以上书籍大九折，80元以上书籍打八折。需要修改程序适应需求的变化

违反开闭原则的方案：

修改NovelBook类，直接在getPrice()方法中实现打折功能：

@Override
public double getPrice() {
    if (this.price > 80) {
        return this.price * 0.8;
    }
    if (this.price > 40) {
        return this.price * 0.9;
    }
    return this.price;
}

此方案虽完成了打折销售的功能，却失去了获取原价的功能，若需要同时获取原价和打折价该如何实现？

改进方案一：

不修改现有代码，在NovelBook类中添加getDiscountPrice()方法，实现获取打折价功能：

public class NovelBook implements IBook {
    private String name;
    private double price;
    private String author;

    public NovelBook() {
    }

    public NovelBook(String name, double price, String author) {
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
        this.author = author;
    }

    @Override
    public String getName() {
        return this.name;
    }

    @Override
    public double getPrice() {
        return this.price;
    }

    @Override
    public String getAuthor() {
        return this.author;
    }
	//获取打折后价格
    public double getDiscountPrice() {
        if (this.price > 80) {
            return this.price * 0.8;
        }
        if (this.price > 40) {
            return this.price * 0.9;
        }
        return this.price;
    }
}

public class BookStore {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NovelBook nb = new NovelBook("天龙八部", 95, "金庸");
        System.out.println(nb.getName());
        System.out.println(nb.getPrice());
        System.out.println(nb.getAuthor());
        System.out.println(nb.getDiscountPrice());
    }
}

缺点：在类级别上违反了开闭原则

改进方案二：

创建NovelBook类的子类，在子类中添加getDiscountPrice()方法 获取打折后价格：

public class DiscountNovelBook extends NovelBook {
    public DiscountNovelBook(String name, double price, String author) {
        super(name, price, author);
    }
	
    @Override
    public double getDiscountPrice() {
        double price = super.getPrice();
        if (price > 80) {
            return price * 0.8;
        }
        if (price > 40) {
            return price * 0.9;
        }
        return price;
    }
}

public class BookStore {
    public static void main(String[] args) {        
        DiscountNovelBook nb = new DiscountNovelBook("倚天屠龙记", 60, "金庸");
        System.out.println(nb.getName());
        System.out.println(nb.getPrice());
        System.out.println(nb.getAuthor());
        System.out.println(nb.getDiscountPrice());
    }
}