25 类的变量也可以是常量，就像静态变量一样
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
class vector
{
public:
double x;
double y;
const static double pi = 3.1415927;
vector (double a = 0, double b = 0)
{
x = a;
y = b;
}
double cylinder_volume ()
{
return x * x / 4 * pi * y;
}
};
int main()
{
cout << "The value of pi: " << vector::pi << endl << endl;
vector k (3, 4);
cout << "Result: " << k.cylinder_volume() << endl;
return 0;
}
| Output |
| The value of pi: 3.14159 Result: 28.2743 |
26 一个类可以从其他的类派生过来，这个新的类可以继承原有类的所有成员和方法，并且可以增加新的成员和方法
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
class vector
{
public:
double x;
double y;
vector (double a = 0, double b = 0)
{
x = a;
y = b;
}
double module()
{
return sqrt (x*x + y*y);
}
double surface()
{
return x * y;
}
};
class trivector: public vector // trivector is derived from vector
{
public:
double z; // added to x and y from vector
trivector (double m=0, double n=0, double p=0): vector (m, n)
{
z = p; // Vector constructor will
} // be called before trivector
// constructor, with parameters
// m and n.
trivector (vector a) // What to do if a vector is
{ // cast to a trivector
x = a.x;
y = a.y;
z = 0;
}
double module () // define module() for trivector
{
return sqrt (x*x + y*y + z*z);
}
double volume ()
{
return this->surface() * z; // or x * y * z
}
};
int main ()
{
vector a (4, 5);
trivector b (1, 2, 3);
cout << "a (4, 5) b (1, 2, 3) *r = b" << endl << endl;
cout << "Surface of a: " << a.surface() << endl;
cout << "Volume of b: " << b.volume() << endl;
cout << "Surface of base of b: " << b.surface() << endl;
cout << "Module of a: " << a.module() << endl;
cout << "Module of b: " << b.module() << endl;
cout << "Module of base of b: " << b.vector::module() << endl;
trivector k;
k = a; // thanks to trivector(vector) definition
// copy of x and y, k.z = 0
vector j;
j = b; // copy of x and y. b.z leaved out
vector *r;
r = &b;
cout << "Surface of r: " << r->surface() << endl;
cout << "Module of r: " << r->module() << endl;
return 0;
}
Surface of a: 20
Volume of b: 6
Surface of base of b: 2
Module of a: 6.40312
Module of b: 3.74166
Module of base of b: 2.23607
Surface of r: 2
Module of r: 2.23607
27 在上面的程序里面，r->module 计算vector的模型，这样做为什么可以是因为r被声明为vector类的指针。但是我们要记住，如果你想程序检查这种对象的指针或者使用相关的方法，那么我们必须把类里面的方法声明为虚函数。
（如果继承的基类里面有至少一个方法被声明为虚函数的话，那么每一个实例都会被加上事实上的4个Byte的指针，当然，64位有可能是8个Byte）。
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
class vector
{
public:
double x;
double y;
vector (double a = 0, double b = 0)
{
x = a;
y = b;
}
virtual double module()
{
return sqrt (x*x + y*y);
}
};
class trivector: public vector
{
public:
double z;
trivector (double m = 0, double n = 0, double p = 0)
{
x = m; // Just for the game,
y = n; // here I do not call the vector
z = p; // constructor and I make the
} // trivector constructor do the
// whole job. Same result.
double module ()
{
return sqrt (x*x + y*y + z*z);
}
};
void test (vector &k)
{
cout << "Test result: " << k.module() << endl;
}
int main ()
{
vector a (4, 5);
trivector b (1, 2, 3);
cout << "a (4, 5) b (1, 2, 3)" << endl << endl;
vector *r;
r = &a;
cout << "module of vector a: " << r->module() << endl;
r = &b;
cout << "module of trivector b: " << r->module() << endl;
test (a);
test (b);
vector &s = b;
cout << "module of trivector b: " << s.module() << endl;
return 0;
}
| Output |
| a (4, 5) b (1, 2, 3) module of vector a: 6.40312 module of trivector b: 3.74166 Test result: 6.40312 Test result: 3.74166 module of trivector b: 3.74166 |
28 你可能想知道一个类是否可以同时继承多个类， 那么答案是对的
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
class vector
{
public:
double x;
double y;
vector (double a = 0, double b = 0)
{
x = a;
y = b;
}
double surface()
{
return fabs (x * y);
}
};
class number
{
public:
double z;
number (double a)
{
z = a;
}
int is_negative ()
{
if (z < 0) return 1;
else return 0;
}
};
class trivector: public vector, public number
{
public:
trivector(double a=0, double b=0, double c=0): vector(a,b), number(c)
{
} // The trivector constructor calls the vector
// constructor, then the number constructor,
// and in this example does nothing more.
double volume()
{
return fabs (x * y * z);
}
};
int main ()
{
trivector a(2, 3, -4);
cout << a.volume() << endl;
cout << a.surface() << endl;
cout << a.is_negative() << endl;
return 0;
}
| Output |
| 24 6 1 |
29 类的继承可以让你依据基类设计更负责的类，而另外一个用处则是可以让程序员写出一些通用的函数。
当我们写了一个没有任何变量的基类的时候，在你的程序里面是没有办法使用这个类的。也就是说当你想继承这个类的时候，就一定要让成员函数正确的在类里被定义，这样才能合理的继承基类
using namespace std; #include <iostream> #include <cmath> class octopus
{
public:
virtual double module() = 0; // = 0 implies function is not
// defined. This makes instances
// of this class cannot be declared.
}; double biggest_module (octopus &a, octopus &b, octopus &c) { double r = a.module(); if (b.module() > r) r = b.module(); if (c.module() > r) r = c.module(); return r; } class vector: public octopus { public: double x; double y; vector (double a = 0, double b = 0) { x = a; y = b; } double module() { return sqrt (x * x + y * y); } }; class number: public octopus { public: double n; number (double a = 0) { n = a; } double module() { if (n >= 0) return n; else return -n; } }; int main () { vector k (1,2), m (6,7), n (100, 0); number p (5), q (-3), r (-150); cout << biggest_module (k, m, n) << endl; cout << biggest_module (p, q, r) << endl; cout << biggest_module (p, q, n) << endl; return 0; }
| Output |
| 100 150 100 |
30 public：这些变量或者函数能够被外部程序方位
protect:仅能被类本身或者继承类访问
private:只能被自己类的方法所访问。
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
class vector
{
protected:
double x;
double y;
public:
void set_x (int n)
{
x = n;
}
void set_y (int n)
{
y = n;
}
double surface ()
{
double s;
s = x * y;
if (s < 0) s = -s;
return s;
}
};
int main ()
{
vector a;
a.set_x (3);
a.set_y (4);
cout << "The surface of a: " << a.surface() << endl;
return 0;
}
| Output |
| The surface of a: 12 |
31 让我们看看C++是怎么读写文件的
这是写一个文件的 程序
using namespace std; #include <iostream> #include <fstream> int main () { fstream f; f.open("test.txt", ios::out); f << "This is a text output to a file." << endl; double a = 345; f << "A number: " << a << endl; f.close(); return 0; }
| Content of file test.txt |
| This is a text output to a file. A number: 345 |
下面是怎么读文件
using namespace std; #include <iostream> #include <fstream> int main () { fstream f; char c; cout << "What's inside the test.txt file" << endl; cout << endl; f.open("test.txt", ios::in); while (! f.eof() ) { f.get(c); // Or c = f.get() cout << c; } f.close(); return 0;
32 有时候我们可以像文件一样操作字符数组，这对我们在转换和管理内存数组的时候很有用
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
#include <strstream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cmath>
int main ()
{
char a[1024];
ostrstream b(a, 1024);
b.seekp(0); // Start from first char.
b << "2 + 2 = " << 2 + 2 << ends; // ( ends, not endl )
// ends is simply the
// null character '\0'
cout << a << endl;
double v = 2;
strcpy (a, "A sinus: ");
b.seekp(strlen (a));
b << "sin (" << v << ") = " << sin(v) << ends;
cout << a << endl;
return 0;
}
| Output |
| 2
+ 2 = 4 A sinus: sin (2) = 0.909297 |
33 C++可以格式化输出用两个不同的方式，要注意到，width（）和setws()只对下一个要输出的对象起作用。
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
int main ()
{
int i;
cout << "A list of numbers:" << endl;
for (i = 1; i <= 1024; i *= 2)
{
cout.width (7);
cout << i << endl;
}
cout << "A table of numbers:" << endl;
for (i = 0; i <= 4; i++)
{
cout << setw(3) << i << setw(5) << i * i * i << endl;
}
return 0;
}
| Output |
| A list of numbers: 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 A table of numbers: 0 0 1 1 2 8 3 27 4 64 |
以上是一些基本的C++的知识，主要是针对一些C用户转换到C++需要注意的一些点，没什么复杂的。其实翻译这个系列文章的目的也是自己现在正处于这个挑战中，也希望通过这个积累和构造自己的知识体系吧。同时也能和各位同学共勉。
如果同学们在看文章的过程中发现错误和有任何问题，意见，欢迎发表评论。我个人很愿意和大家一起讨论，进步。
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