matplotlib 学习

画正弦余弦曲线

%matplotlib inline
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
X = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 200, endpoint=True)
C, S = np.cos(X), np.sin(X)

plt.figure(figsize=(20, 6), dpi=80)
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
# 使用默认设置画出余弦曲线
plt.plot(X, C)
# 使用默认设置画出正弦曲线
plt.plot(X, S)

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
# 移动坐标轴边线
# 坐标轴总共有四个连线，我们通过设置透明色隐藏上方和右方的边线
# 通过 set_position() 移动左侧和下侧的边线
# 通过 set_ticks_position() 设置坐标轴的刻度线的显示位置
ax = plt.gca()  # gca 代表当前坐标轴，即 'get current axis'
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
# 设置坐标刻度的字体大小，增加半透明背景
for label in ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels():
    label.set_fontsize(16)
    label.set_bbox(dict(facecolor='white', edgecolor='None', alpha=0.65))
    
# 设置坐标轴的长度
plt.xlim(X.min() * 1.1, X.max() * 1.1)
plt.ylim(C.min() * 1.1, C.max() * 1.1)

# 设置坐标轴的刻度和标签
plt.xticks((-np.pi, -np.pi/2, np.pi/2, np.pi),
          label=(r'$-\pi$', r'$-\pi/2$', r'$+\pi/2$', r'$+\pi$'))
plt.yticks([-1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1])


# 画出余弦曲线，并设置线条颜色，宽度，样式
plt.plot(X, C, color="blue", linewidth=2.0, linestyle="-")
# 画出正弦曲线，并设置线条颜色，宽度，样式
plt.plot(X, S, color="red", linewidth=2.0, linestyle="-")

# 在左上角添加铭牌
plt.legend(loc='upper left')

# 在坐标轴上标示相应的点
t = 2 * np.pi / 3
# 画出 cos(t) 所在的点在 X 轴上的位置，即画出 (t, 0) -> (t, cos(t)) 线段，使用虚线
plt.plot([t, t], [0, np.cos(t)], color='blue', linewidth=1.5, linestyle="--")
# 画出标示的坐标点，即在 (t, cos(t)) 处画一个大小为 50 的蓝色点
plt.scatter([t, ], [np.cos(t), ], 50, color='blue')
# 画出标示点的值，即 cos(t) 的值
plt.annotate(r'$cos(\frac{2\pi}{3})=-\frac{1}{2}$',
             xy=(t, np.cos(t)), xycoords='data',
             xytext=(-90, -50), textcoords='offset points', fontsize=16,
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2"))
# 画出 sin(t) 所在的点在 X 轴上的位置，即画出 (t, 0) -> (t, sin(t)) 线段，使用虚线
plt.plot([t, t],[0, np.sin(t)], color='red', linewidth=1.5, linestyle="--")
# 画出标示的坐标点，即在 (t, sin(t)) 处画一个大小为 50 的红色点
plt.scatter([t, ],[np.sin(t), ], 50, color='red')
# 画出标示点的值，即 sin(t) 的值
plt.annotate(r'$sin(\frac{2\pi}{3})=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$',
             xy=(t, np.sin(t)), xycoords='data',
             xytext=(+10, +30), textcoords='offset points', fontsize=16,
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", connectionstyle="arc3,rad=.2"))

# 把结果显示在屏幕上
plt.show()

图形对象

%matplotlib inline
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

X = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 200, endpoint=True)
C, S = np.cos(X), np.sin(X)


plt.figure(num='sin', figsize=(16, 4))
plt.plot(X, S)
plt.figure(num='cos', figsize=(16, 4))
plt.plot(X, C)
plt.figure(num='sin')
plt.plot(X, C)
print plt.figure(num='sin').number
print plt.figure(num='cos').number

子图布局

%matplotlib inline
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

plt.figure(figsize=(18, 4))
plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'subplot(2,2,1)', ha='center', va='center',
        size=20, alpha=.5)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'subplot(2,2,2)', ha='center', va='center',
        size=20, alpha=.5)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())

plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'subplot(2,2,3)', ha='center', va='center',
        size=20, alpha=.5)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'subplot(2,2,4)', ha='center', va='center',
        size=20, alpha=.5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

#################################################################################
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec

plt.figure(figsize=(18, 4))
G = gridspec.GridSpec(3, 3)

axes_1 = plt.subplot(G[0, :])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'Axes 1', ha='center', va='center', size=24, alpha=.5)

axes_2 = plt.subplot(G[1:, 0])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'Axes 2', ha='center', va='center', size=24, alpha=.5)

axes_3 = plt.subplot(G[1:, -1])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'Axes 3', ha='center', va='center', size=24, alpha=.5)

axes_4 = plt.subplot(G[1, -2])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'Axes 4', ha='center', va='center', size=24, alpha=.5)

axes_5 = plt.subplot(G[-1, -2])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, 'Axes 5', ha='center', va='center', size=24, alpha=.5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

#################################################################################
:
plt.figure(figsize=(18, 4))

plt.axes([.1, .1, .8, .8])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(.2, .5, 'axes([0.1, 0.1, .8, .8])', ha='center', va='center',
        size=20, alpha=.5)

plt.axes([.5, .5, .3, .3])
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.text(.5, .5, 'axes([.5, .5, .3, .3])', ha='center', va='center',
        size=16, alpha=.5)

plt.show()

图形坐标刻度

def tickline():
    plt.xlim(0, 10), plt.ylim(-1, 1), plt.yticks([])
    ax = plt.gca()
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
    ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
    ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('none')
    ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(plt.MultipleLocator(0.1))
    for label in ax.get_xticklabels() + ax.get_yticklabels():
        label.set_fontsize(16)
    ax.plot(np.arange(11), np.zeros(11))
    return ax

locators = [
                'plt.NullLocator()',
                'plt.MultipleLocator(base=1.0)',
                'plt.FixedLocator(locs=[0, 2, 8, 9, 10])',
                'plt.IndexLocator(base=3, offset=1)',
                'plt.LinearLocator(numticks=5)',
                'plt.LogLocator(base=2, subs=[1.0])',
                'plt.MaxNLocator(nbins=3, steps=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10])',
                'plt.AutoLocator()',
            ]

n_locators = len(locators)

size = 1024, 60 * n_locators
dpi = 72.0
figsize = size[0] / float(dpi), size[1] / float(dpi)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize, dpi=dpi)
fig.patch.set_alpha(0)


for i, locator in enumerate(locators):
    plt.subplot(n_locators, 1, i + 1)
    ax = tickline()
    ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(eval(locator))
    plt.text(5, 0.3, locator[3:], ha='center', size=16)

plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=.01, top=.99, left=.01, right=.99)
plt.show()