高阶导数
设 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x),则 y ′ = d y d x y'=\dfrac{dy}{dx} y′=dxdy, y ′ ′ = d 2 y d x 2 y''=\dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2} y′′=dx2d2y
公式
[
u
±
v
]
(
n
)
=
u
(
n
)
±
v
(
n
)
[u\pm v]^{(n)}=u^{(n)}\pm v^{(n)}
[u±v](n)=u(n)±v(n)
莱布尼茨公式:
(
u
v
)
(
n
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
C
n
k
u
(
n
−
k
)
v
(
k
)
(uv)^{(n)}=\sum\limits_{k=0}^n C_n^ku^{(n-k)}v^{(k)}
(uv)(n)=k=0∑nCnku(n−k)v(k)
注:
f
(
n
)
(
x
)
f^{(n)}(x)
f(n)(x)表示对
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)求导
n
n
n次
例题
例1
设 y = sin x y=\sin x y=sinx,则 y ( 2017 ) = ‾ y^{(2017)}=\underline{\qquad} y(2017)=
解:
y
′
=
cos
x
y'=\cos x
y′=cosx
y
′
′
=
−
sin
x
y''=-\sin x
y′′=−sinx
y
′
′
′
=
−
cos
x
y'''=-\cos x
y′′′=−cosx
y
(
4
)
=
sin
x
y^{(4)}=\sin x
y(4)=sinx
y
(
5
)
=
cos
x
y^{(5)}=\cos x
y(5)=cosx
∵
2017
÷
4
=
504
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
1
\because 2017\div4=504\cdot\cdot\cdot\cdot\cdot\cdot \ 1
∵2017÷4=504⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ 1
∴
y
(
2017
)
=
cos
x
\therefore y^{(2017)}=\cos x
∴y(2017)=cosx
例2
设 y = x ln x y=x\ln x y=xlnx,求 y ( 10 ) y^{(10)} y(10)
解:
y
′
=
ln
x
+
1
,
y
′
′
=
1
x
,
y
′
′
′
=
−
1
x
2
,
y
(
4
)
=
2
1
x
3
,
y
(
5
)
=
−
2
×
3
1
x
4
y'=\ln x+1,y''=\dfrac 1x,y'''=-\dfrac {1}{x^2},y^{(4)}=2\dfrac{1}{x^3},y^{(5)}=-2\times3\dfrac{1}{x^4}
y′=lnx+1,y′′=x1,y′′′=−x21,y(4)=2x31,y(5)=−2×3x41
一般地:
n
>
2
n>2
n>2时,
y
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
(
n
−
2
)
!
1
x
n
−
1
y^{(n)}=(-1)^n(n-2)!\dfrac{1}{x^{n-1}}
y(n)=(−1)n(n−2)!xn−11
所以
y
(
10
)
=
8
!
⋅
1
x
9
=
8
!
x
9
y^{(10)}=8!\cdot\dfrac{1}{x^9}=\dfrac{8!}{x^9}
y(10)=8!⋅x91=x98!
例3
f ( x ) = x 2 e x f(x)=x^2e^x f(x)=x2ex,则 f ( 4 ) ( 0 ) = ‾ f^{(4)}(0)=\underline{\qquad} f(4)(0)=
解:
(
x
2
e
x
)
(
4
)
(x^2e^x)^{(4)}
(x2ex)(4)
=
C
4
0
(
x
2
)
(
4
)
e
x
+
C
4
1
(
x
2
)
(
3
)
e
x
+
C
4
2
(
x
2
)
′
′
e
x
+
C
4
3
(
x
2
)
′
e
x
+
C
4
4
x
2
e
x
=C_4^0(x^2)^{(4)}e^x+C_4^1(x^2)^{(3)}e^x+C_4^2(x^2)''e^x+C_4^3(x^2)'e^x+C_4^4x^2e^x
=C40(x2)(4)ex+C41(x2)(3)ex+C42(x2)′′ex+C43(x2)′ex+C44x2ex
=
1
×
0
×
e
x
+
4
×
0
×
e
x
+
6
×
2
×
e
x
+
4
×
2
x
⋅
e
x
+
1
×
x
2
e
x
=1\times 0\times e^x+4\times 0\times e^x+6\times 2\times e^x+4\times 2x\cdot e^x+1\times x^2e^x
=1×0×ex+4×0×ex+6×2×ex+4×2x⋅ex+1×x2ex
=
12
e
x
+
8
x
e
x
+
x
2
e
x
=12e^x+8xe^x+x^2e^x
=12ex+8xex+x2ex
所以
f
(
4
)
(
0
)
=
12
f^{(4)}(0)=12
f(4)(0)=12
总结
在求高阶导数时,如果求导次数较大,则寻找普遍规律;如果求导次数较小,则用莱布尼茨公式