前置知识:直接积分法
题1: 计算 ∫ 1 x 2 ( 1 + x 2 ) d x \int\dfrac{1}{x^2(1+x^2)}dx ∫x2(1+x2)1dx
解:原式 = ∫ ( 1 x 2 − 1 1 + x 2 ) d x = − 1 x − arctan x + C =\int(\dfrac{1}{x^2}-\dfrac{1}{1+x^2})dx=-\dfrac 1x-\arctan x+C =∫(x21−1+x21)dx=−x1−arctanx+C
题2: 计算 ∫ sin 2 x 2 d x \int \sin^2\dfrac x2dx ∫sin22xdx
解:原式 = ∫ 1 2 ( 1 − cos x ) d x = x 2 − 1 2 sin x + C =\int\dfrac 12(1-\cos x)dx=\dfrac x2-\dfrac 12\sin x+C =∫21(1−cosx)dx=2x−21sinx+C
题3: 计算 ∫ d x sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x 2 \int\dfrac{dx}{\sin^2\dfrac x2\cos^2\dfrac x2} ∫sin22xcos22xdx
解:原式 = ∫ d x ( 1 2 sin x ) 2 = 4 ∫ csc 2 x d x = − 4 cot x + C =\int \dfrac{dx}{(\dfrac 12\sin x)^2}=4\int \csc^2 xdx=-4\cot x+C =∫(21sinx)2dx=4∫csc2xdx=−4cotx+C
题4: 计算 ∫ tan 2 x d x \int \tan^2 xdx ∫tan2xdx
解:原式 = ∫ ( sec 2 x − 1 ) d x = tan x − x + C =\int(\sec^2 x-1)dx=\tan x-x+C =∫(sec2x−1)dx=tanx−x+C
题5: 计算 ∫ d x cos 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x \int \dfrac{dx}{\cos^2x\cdot \sin^2x} ∫cos2x⋅sin2xdx
解:原式 = ∫ cos 2 x + sin 2 x cos 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x d x ∫ ( 1 cos 2 x + 1 sin 2 x ) d x = tan x − cot x + C =\int \dfrac{\cos^2x+\sin^2x}{\cos^2x\cdot\sin^2 x}dx\int(\dfrac{1}{\cos^2 x}+\dfrac {1}{\sin^2 x})dx=\tan x-\cot x+C =∫cos2x⋅sin2xcos2x+sin2xdx∫(cos2x1+sin2x1)dx=tanx−cotx+C
题6: 计算 ∫ d x a 2 − x 2 ( a > 0 ) \int\dfrac{dx}{a^2-x^2}(a>0) ∫a2−x2dx(a>0)
解:原式 = ∫ 1 2 a ( 1 a + x + 1 a − x ) d x = 1 2 a ( ln ∣ a + x ∣ − ln ∣ a − x ∣ ) + C = 1 2 a ln ∣ a + x a − x ∣ + C =\int \dfrac{1}{2a}(\dfrac{1}{a+x}+\dfrac{1}{a-x})dx=\dfrac{1}{2a}(\ln|a+x|-\ln|a-x|)+C=\dfrac{1}{2a}\ln|\dfrac{a+x}{a-x}|+C =∫2a1(a+x1+a−x1)dx=2a1(ln∣a+x∣−ln∣a−x∣)+C=2a1ln∣a−xa+x∣+C