AES加密流程 【无第三方库 附源码】

Python实现AES加密（无第三方库）

附上Github仓库链接：https://github.com/Tereaslle/AES-Python

概述

AES加密算法，即Rijndael算法，是一种对称分组密码，它可以使用长度为128、192和256位的密钥处理128位的数据块。本文将用Python实现密钥长度为128位的AES算法，若想要详细了解完整的AES算法，请移步官方文档。

首先，我们给出一个AES加密的总体描述。该算法的执行过程如下：

1. 给定一个明文x和密钥key，将State初始化为x，同时产生11个轮密钥，并进行轮密钥加AddRoundKey操作，即将RoundKey与State异或，然后进行10轮迭代。
2. 对前9轮中的每一轮，用S盒对State进行一次字节代换SubBytes；对State做一次行移位ShiftRows；再对State做一次列混合MixColumns；然后进行AddRoundKey操作。
3. 对State依次进行操作SubBytes，ShiftRows，AddRoundKey。（前9轮运算每轮只比最后一轮多了一次列混合MixColumns操作）
4. 将State定义为密文y。

加密流程图如下：

下面将详细介绍各个具体步骤的实现

初始变换

初始变换是将1*16字节的明文向量转换为4*4的矩阵，然后通过与第0轮密钥进行按位异或得到新的状态矩阵state，其中，0-10轮密钥由16字节的初始输入密钥经过拓展得到。

字节代换

字节代换则是将每个矩阵中两个字节视作位置坐标通过S-Box进行映射

def __sub_bytes(self, s):
  '''
  加密——字节代换，将每个字中两个字节视作S-Box表中的位置坐标进行映射
  :param s: 输入需要加密的4*4矩阵
  :return: None
  '''
    for i in range(4):
        for j in range(4):
            s[i][j] = Sbox[s[i][j]]

行移位

行移位则是将矩阵中每行的数据向左循环移动一位（第一行不变）

def __shift_rows(self, s):
    '''
    加密——行移位，将矩阵中每行元素循环左移一位（第一行不变）
    :param s: 输入需要加密的4*4矩阵
    :return: None
    '''
    s[0][1], s[1][1], s[2][1], s[3][1] = s[1][1], s[2][1], s[3][1], s[0][1]
    s[0][2], s[1][2], s[2][2], s[3][2] = s[2][2], s[3][2], s[0][2], s[1][2]
    s[0][3], s[1][3], s[2][3], s[3][3] = s[3][3], s[0][3], s[1][3], s[2][3]

列混合

列混合计算过程较为复杂，总体为正矩阵左乘输入矩阵

    def __mix_columns(self, s):
        '''
        加密——列混合
        :param s: 需要加密的 4*4 矩阵
        :return: None
        '''
        for i in range(4):
            self.__mix_single_row(s[i])

    def __mix_single_row(self, a):
        '''
        混合单行
        :param a: 输入 1*4 的向量 
        :return: None
        '''
        t = a[0] ^ a[1] ^ a[2] ^ a[3]
        u = a[0]
        a[0] ^= t ^ xtime(a[0] ^ a[1])  # xtime为定义的位运算
        a[1] ^= t ^ xtime(a[1] ^ a[2])
        a[2] ^= t ^ xtime(a[2] ^ a[3])
        a[3] ^= t ^ xtime(a[3] ^ u)

轮密钥加

轮密钥加过程与初始变换类似，将矩阵与各轮密钥进行按位异或

def __add_round_key(self, s, k):
    '''
    轮密钥加，使用密钥对数据进行按位异或
    :param s: 需要加密的 4*4 矩阵
    :param k: 密钥 4*4 矩阵
    :return: None
    '''
    for i in range(4):
        for j in range(4):
            s[i][j] ^= k[i][j]

完整源码

主调用函数

aes.py

# 加密时用的S盒
Sbox = (
    0x63, 0x7C, 0x77, 0x7B, 0xF2, 0x6B, 0x6F, 0xC5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2B, 0xFE, 0xD7, 0xAB, 0x76,
    0xCA, 0x82, 0xC9, 0x7D, 0xFA, 0x59, 0x47, 0xF0, 0xAD, 0xD4, 0xA2, 0xAF, 0x9C, 0xA4, 0x72, 0xC0,
    0xB7, 0xFD, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3F, 0xF7, 0xCC, 0x34, 0xA5, 0xE5, 0xF1, 0x71, 0xD8, 0x31, 0x15,
    0x04, 0xC7, 0x23, 0xC3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9A, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xE2, 0xEB, 0x27, 0xB2, 0x75,
    0x09, 0x83, 0x2C, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x6E, 0x5A, 0xA0, 0x52, 0x3B, 0xD6, 0xB3, 0x29, 0xE3, 0x2F, 0x84,
    0x53, 0xD1, 0x00, 0xED, 0x20, 0xFC, 0xB1, 0x5B, 0x6A, 0xCB, 0xBE, 0x39, 0x4A, 0x4C, 0x58, 0xCF,
    0xD0, 0xEF, 0xAA, 0xFB, 0x43, 0x4D, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xF9, 0x02, 0x7F, 0x50, 0x3C, 0x9F, 0xA8,
    0x51, 0xA3, 0x40, 0x8F, 0x92, 0x9D, 0x38, 0xF5, 0xBC, 0xB6, 0xDA, 0x21, 0x10, 0xFF, 0xF3, 0xD2,
    0xCD, 0x0C, 0x13, 0xEC, 0x5F, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xC4, 0xA7, 0x7E, 0x3D, 0x64, 0x5D, 0x19, 0x73,
    0x60, 0x81, 0x4F, 0xDC, 0x22, 0x2A, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xEE, 0xB8, 0x14, 0xDE, 0x5E, 0x0B, 0xDB,
    0xE0, 0x32, 0x3A, 0x0A, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5C, 0xC2, 0xD3, 0xAC, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xE4, 0x79,
    0xE7, 0xC8, 0x37, 0x6D, 0x8D, 0xD5, 0x4E, 0xA9, 0x6C, 0x56, 0xF4, 0xEA, 0x65, 0x7A, 0xAE, 0x08,
    0xBA, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2E, 0x1C, 0xA6, 0xB4, 0xC6, 0xE8, 0xDD, 0x74, 0x1F, 0x4B, 0xBD, 0x8B, 0x8A,
    0x70, 0x3E, 0xB5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xF6, 0x0E, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xB9, 0x86, 0xC1, 0x1D, 0x9E,
    0xE1, 0xF8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xD9, 0x8E, 0x94, 0x9B, 0x1E, 0x87, 0xE9, 0xCE, 0x55, 0x28, 0xDF,
    0x8C, 0xA1, 0x89, 0x0D, 0xBF, 0xE6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2D, 0x0F, 0xB0, 0x54, 0xBB, 0x16,
)
# 解密时用的S盒
InvSbox = (
    0x52, 0x09, 0x6A, 0xD5, 0x30, 0x36, 0xA5, 0x38, 0xBF, 0x40, 0xA3, 0x9E, 0x81, 0xF3, 0xD7, 0xFB,
    0x7C, 0xE3, 0x39, 0x82, 0x9B, 0x2F, 0xFF, 0x87, 0x34, 0x8E, 0x43, 0x44, 0xC4, 0xDE, 0xE9, 0xCB,
    0x54, 0x7B, 0x94, 0x32, 0xA6, 0xC2, 0x23, 0x3D, 0xEE, 0x4C, 0x95, 0x0B, 0x42, 0xFA, 0xC3, 0x4E,
    0x08, 0x2E, 0xA1, 0x66, 0x28, 0xD9, 0x24, 0xB2, 0x76, 0x5B, 0xA2, 0x49, 0x6D, 0x8B, 0xD1, 0x25,
    0x72, 0xF8, 0xF6, 0x64, 0x86, 0x68, 0x98, 0x16, 0xD4, 0xA4, 0x5C, 0xCC, 0x5D, 0x65, 0xB6, 0x92,
    0x6C, 0x70, 0x48, 0x50, 0xFD, 0xED, 0xB9, 0xDA, 0x5E, 0x15, 0x46, 0x57, 0xA7, 0x8D, 0x9D, 0x84,
    0x90, 0xD8, 0xAB, 0x00, 0x8C, 0xBC, 0xD3, 0x0A, 0xF7, 0xE4, 0x58, 0x05, 0xB8, 0xB3, 0x45, 0x06,
    0xD0, 0x2C, 0x1E, 0x8F, 0xCA, 0x3F, 0x0F, 0x02, 0xC1, 0xAF, 0xBD, 0x03, 0x01, 0x13, 0x8A, 0x6B,
    0x3A, 0x91, 0x11, 0x41, 0x4F, 0x67, 0xDC, 0xEA, 0x97, 0xF2, 0xCF, 0xCE, 0xF0, 0xB4, 0xE6, 0x73,
    0x96, 0xAC, 0x74, 0x22, 0xE7, 0xAD, 0x35, 0x85, 0xE2, 0xF9, 0x37, 0xE8, 0x1C, 0x75, 0xDF, 0x6E,
    0x47, 0xF1, 0x1A, 0x71, 0x1D, 0x29, 0xC5, 0x89, 0x6F, 0xB7, 0x62, 0x0E, 0xAA, 0x18, 0xBE, 0x1B,
    0xFC, 0x56, 0x3E, 0x4B, 0xC6, 0xD2, 0x79, 0x20, 0x9A, 0xDB, 0xC0, 0xFE, 0x78, 0xCD, 0x5A, 0xF4,
    0x1F, 0xDD, 0xA8, 0x33, 0x88, 0x07, 0xC7, 0x31, 0xB1, 0x12, 0x10, 0x59, 0x27, 0x80, 0xEC, 0x5F,
    0x60, 0x51, 0x7F, 0xA9, 0x19, 0xB5, 0x4A, 0x0D, 0x2D, 0xE5, 0x7A, 0x9F, 0x93, 0xC9, 0x9C, 0xEF,
    0xA0, 0xE0, 0x3B, 0x4D, 0xAE, 0x2A, 0xF5, 0xB0, 0xC8, 0xEB, 0xBB, 0x3C, 0x83, 0x53, 0x99, 0x61,
    0x17, 0x2B, 0x04, 0x7E, 0xBA, 0x77, 0xD6, 0x26, 0xE1, 0x69, 0x14, 0x63, 0x55, 0x21, 0x0C, 0x7D,
)

# learnt from http://cs.ucsb.edu/~koc/cs178/projects/JT/aes.c
xtime = lambda a: (((a << 1) ^ 0x1B) & 0xFF) if (a & 0x80) else (a << 1)

# 用于轮密钥的产生
Rcon = (
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40,
    0x80, 0x1B, 0x36, 0x6C, 0xD8, 0xAB, 0x4D, 0x9A,
    0x2F, 0x5E, 0xBC, 0x63, 0xC6, 0x97, 0x35, 0x6A,
    0xD4, 0xB3, 0x7D, 0xFA, 0xEF, 0xC5, 0x91, 0x39,
)


def text2matrix(text):
    matrix = []
    for i in range(16):
        byte = (text >> (8 * (15 - i))) & 0xFF
        if i % 4 == 0:
            matrix.append([byte])
        else:
            matrix[i // 4].append(byte)
    return matrix

# 1*16行向量转换为4*4矩阵
def matrix2text(matrix):
    text = 0
    for i in range(4):
        for j in range(4):
            text |= (matrix[i][j] << (120 - 8 * (4 * i + j)))
    return text


class AES:
    def __init__(self, master_key):
        self.change_key(master_key)

    # 密钥拓展
    def change_key(self, master_key):
        self.round_keys = text2matrix(master_key)
        # print self.round_keys

        for i in range(4, 4 * 11):
            self.round_keys.append([])
            if i % 4 == 0:
                byte = self.round_keys[i - 4][0]        \
                     ^ Sbox[self.round_keys[i - 1][1]]  \
                     ^ Rcon[i // 4]
                self.round_keys[i].append(byte)

                for j in range(1, 4):
                    byte = self.round_keys[i - 4][j]    \
                         ^ Sbox[self.round_keys[i - 1][(j + 1) % 4]]
                    self.round_keys[i].append(byte)
            else:
                for j in range(4):
                    byte = self.round_keys[i - 4][j]    \
                         ^ self.round_keys[i - 1][j]
                    self.round_keys[i].append(byte)

        # print self.round_keys

    def encrypt(self, plaintext):
        self.plain_state = text2matrix(plaintext)

        self.__add_round_key(self.plain_state, self.round_keys[:4])

        for i in range(1, 10):
            self.__round_encrypt(self.plain_state, self.round_keys[4 * i : 4 * (i + 1)])

        self.__sub_bytes(self.plain_state)
        self.__shift_rows(self.plain_state)
        self.__add_round_key(self.plain_state, self.round_keys[40:])

        return matrix2text(self.plain_state)

    def decrypt(self, ciphertext):
        self.cipher_state = text2matrix(ciphertext)

        self.__add_round_key(self.cipher_state, self.round_keys[40:])
        self.__inv_shift_rows(self.cipher_state)
        self.__inv_sub_bytes(self.cipher_state)

        for i in range(9, 0, -1):
            self.__round_decrypt(self.cipher_state, self.round_keys[4 * i : 4 * (i + 1)])

        self.__add_round_key(self.cipher_state, self.round_keys[:4])

        return matrix2text(self.cipher_state)

    # 轮密钥加，使用密钥对数据进行按位异或
    def __add_round_key(self, s, k):
        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(4):
                s[i][j] ^= k[i][j]


    def __round_encrypt(self, state_matrix, key_matrix):
        self.__sub_bytes(state_matrix)
        self.__shift_rows(state_matrix)
        self.__mix_columns(state_matrix)
        self.__add_round_key(state_matrix, key_matrix)


    def __round_decrypt(self, state_matrix, key_matrix):
        self.__add_round_key(state_matrix, key_matrix)
        self.__inv_mix_columns(state_matrix)
        self.__inv_shift_rows(state_matrix)
        self.__inv_sub_bytes(state_matrix)

    # 加密——字节代换，将每个字中两个字节视作S-Box表中的位置坐标进行映射
    def __sub_bytes(self, s):
        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(4):
                s[i][j] = Sbox[s[i][j]]

    # 解密——字节代换，将每个字中两个字节视作InvS-Box表中的位置坐标进行映射
    def __inv_sub_bytes(self, s):
        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(4):
                s[i][j] = InvSbox[s[i][j]]

    # 加密——行移位，将矩阵中每行元素循环左移一位
    def __shift_rows(self, s):
        s[0][1], s[1][1], s[2][1], s[3][1] = s[1][1], s[2][1], s[3][1], s[0][1]
        s[0][2], s[1][2], s[2][2], s[3][2] = s[2][2], s[3][2], s[0][2], s[1][2]
        s[0][3], s[1][3], s[2][3], s[3][3] = s[3][3], s[0][3], s[1][3], s[2][3]

    # 解密——行移位，将矩阵中每行元素循环右移一位
    def __inv_shift_rows(self, s):
        s[0][1], s[1][1], s[2][1], s[3][1] = s[3][1], s[0][1], s[1][1], s[2][1]
        s[0][2], s[1][2], s[2][2], s[3][2] = s[2][2], s[3][2], s[0][2], s[1][2]
        s[0][3], s[1][3], s[2][3], s[3][3] = s[1][3], s[2][3], s[3][3], s[0][3]

    # 加密——列混合
    def __mix_columns(self, s):
        for i in range(4):
            self.__mix_single_column(s[i])

    def __mix_single_column(self, a):
        # please see Sec 4.1.2 in The Design of Rijndael
        t = a[0] ^ a[1] ^ a[2] ^ a[3]
        u = a[0]
        a[0] ^= t ^ xtime(a[0] ^ a[1])  # xtime为定义的位运算
        a[1] ^= t ^ xtime(a[1] ^ a[2])
        a[2] ^= t ^ xtime(a[2] ^ a[3])
        a[3] ^= t ^ xtime(a[3] ^ u)

    # 解密——列混合
    def __inv_mix_columns(self, s):
        # see Sec 4.1.3 in The Design of Rijndael
        for i in range(4):
            u = xtime(xtime(s[i][0] ^ s[i][2]))
            v = xtime(xtime(s[i][1] ^ s[i][3]))
            s[i][0] ^= u
            s[i][1] ^= v
            s[i][2] ^= u
            s[i][3] ^= v

        self.__mix_columns(s)

测试文件

Test.py

import unittest
from aes import AES

class AES_TEST(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # 定义密钥
        master_key = 0x2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c
        self.AES = AES(master_key)

    def test_encryption(self):
        plaintext = 0x3243f6a8885a308d313198a2e0370734
        encrypted = self.AES.encrypt(plaintext)
        print(f"AES加密\n明文:0x{plaintext:X}\n密文:0x{encrypted:X}")
        self.assertEqual(encrypted, 0x3925841d02dc09fbdc118597196a0b32)

    def test_decryption(self):
        ciphertext = 0x3925841d02dc09fbdc118597196a0b32
        decrypted = self.AES.decrypt(ciphertext)
        print(f"AES加密\n密文:0x{ciphertext:X}\n明文:0x{decrypted:X}")
        self.assertEqual(decrypted, 0x3243f6a8885a308d313198a2e0370734)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()