ShaderLab实现阴影效果

Unity可以利用阴影贴图来实现阴影效果，阴影贴图实现原理和深度缓存类似，将摄像机移动到灯光处，将片元从近到远排序，进行深度测试，测试通过的写入到阴影贴图中。再把摄像机回到之前的位置，进行正常的渲染，在片元渲染的过程中，从阴影贴图获取阴影，叠加到片元的颜色中去。

1、在v2f结构中添加SHADOW_COORDS(3)，声明了一个名为 _ShadowCoord 的阴影纹理坐标变量；

2、在顶点着色器中调用TRANSFER_SHADOW方法，来获取阴影贴图的坐标；

3、在片元着色器中调用UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION方法，来对阴影贴图进行采样；

Shader "Unlit/Sphere"
{
    Properties
    {
        _MainTex("Texture", 2D) = "white" {}
        _SpecularTex("Specular", 2D) = "white" {}
        _Shininess("Shininess", Float) = 0
    }
    SubShader
    {
        Tags { "RenderType" = "Opaque"}
        LOD 100

        Pass
        {
            Tags { "LightModel" = "ForwardBase" }
            CGPROGRAM
            #pragma vertex vert
            #pragma fragment frag
            #pragma multi_compile_fwdbase

            #include "UnityCG.cginc"
            #include "Lighting.cginc"
            #include "AutoLight.cginc"

            struct v2f
            {
                float4 pos: SV_POSITION;
                float3 normal: NORMAL;
                float4 vertex: TEXCOORD0;
                float2 uv : TEXCOORD1;
                float2 uv2 : TEXCOORD2;
                SHADOW_COORDS(3)
            };
            
            sampler2D _MainTex;
            float4 _MainTex_ST;
            sampler2D _SpecularTex;
            float4 _SpecularTex_ST;
            float _Shininess;

            v2f vert (appdata_base v)
            {
                v2f o;
                o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
                o.normal = v.normal;
                o.vertex = v.vertex;
                o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _MainTex);
                o.uv2 = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _SpecularTex);
                TRANSFER_SHADOW(o);
                return o;
            }

            fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target
            {
                float3 normal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(i.normal);
                normal = normalize(normal);
                float3 l = WorldSpaceLightDir(i.vertex);
                float ndotl = saturate(dot(normal, l));
                fixed4 diffuse = tex2D(_MainTex, i.uv) * _LightColor0 * ndotl;

                float3 v = normalize(WorldSpaceViewDir(i.vertex));
                float3 h = normalize(v + l);
                float ndoth = saturate(dot(normal, h));
                fixed4 specular = tex2D(_SpecularTex, i.uv2) * _LightColor0 * pow(ndoth, _Shininess);
                fixed4 color = diffuse + specular + unity_AmbientSky;

                UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION(colormask, i, mul(unity_ObjectToWorld, i.vertex).xyz);
                color = color * colormask;
                return color;
            }
            ENDCG
        }
    }
    FallBack "Diffuse"
}