linux make 再学习（1）翻译中...

MAKE(1)                      本地用户命令                     MAKE(1)


名字（NAME）
       make - GNU make utility to maintain groups of programs

总括（SYNOPSIS）
       make [ -f makefile ] [ options ] ... [ targets ] ...

警告（WARNING）      

      这个手册页面是一个GNU make文档的一个节选。

描述（DESCRIPTION）   

      make工具的目的是将零散的源文件组合起来进行编译自动化。文档由Richard Stallman and Roland McGrath完成，目前包括 Paul Smith。文档中的例子是c程序，但是你完全可以用来make其他的编程语言，当然用到的是shell命令。事实上，make并不局限于编程，你可以用他来描述任何任务：这个任务中存在文件需要自动升级。

      在使用make之前，你需要写一个命名为makefile的文件用来描述程序众多文件之间的相互关系，以及命令状态。在一个程序中，典型的可执行文档是从一些源文件按照一定次序编译生成的。

     一旦一个适当的makefile存自阿，每次你变化了一些源文件代码，只要简单执行一个简单的shell命令：make

    这足以完成所有的又一次编译。make程序使用makefile数据库和最后一次文件修改时间来决定哪些文件需要更新。对于每一个文件，

       Once  a  suitable  makefile  exists,  each  time you change some source
       files, this simple shell command:

              make

       suffices to perform all necessary  recompilations.   The  make  program
       uses  the  makefile  data  base  and the last-modification times of the
       files to decide which of the files need to be  updated.   For  each  of
       those files, it issues the commands recorded in the data base.

       make  executes  commands  in  the makefile to update one or more target
       names, where name is typically a program.  If no -f option is  present,
       make  will  look for the makefiles GNUmakefile, makefile, and Makefile,
       in that order.

       Normally you should call your makefile  either  makefile  or  Makefile.
       (We  recommend  Makefile because it appears prominently near the begin-
       ning of a directory listing, right near other important files  such  as
       README.)   The  first name checked, GNUmakefile, is not recommended for
       most makefiles.  You should use this name if you have a  makefile  that
       is  specific  to GNU make, and will not be understood by other versions
       of make.  If makefile is `-', the standard input is read.

       make updates a target if it depends on  prerequisite  files  that  have
       been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does
       not exist.

选项（OPTIONS）
       -b, -m
            These options are ignored for compatibility with other versions of
            make.

            这两个选项是忽略与其他make版本的兼容问题。

         -B, --always-make
            Unconditionally make all targets.

           无条件对所有目标make

      -C dir, --directory=dir
            Change to directory dir before reading the makefiles or doing anything else.  If multiple -C options are specified, each is  interpreted  relative to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equivalent to  -C /etc.  This is typically used  with  recursive  invocations  of   make.

            在读入makefile文档和其他之前，改变目录。       

      -d   Print debugging information in addition to normal processing.  The
            debugging information says which files are  being  considered  for
            remaking,  which  file-times  are  being  compared  and  with what
            results, which files actually need to be  remade,  which  implicit
            rules  are considered and which are applied---everything interest-
            ing about how make decides what to do.

       --debug[=FLAGS]
            Print debugging information in addition to normal processing.   If
            the  FLAGS are omitted, then the behavior is the same as if -d was
            specified.  FLAGS may be a for all debugging output (same as using
            -d),  b for basic debugging, v for more verbose basic debugging, i
            for showing implicit rules, j for details on  invocation  of  com-
            mands, and m for debugging while remaking makefiles.

       -e, --environment-overrides
            Give  variables  taken  from the environment precedence over vari-
            ables from makefiles.

       -f file, --file=file, --makefile=FILE
            Use file as a makefile.

       -i, --ignore-errors
            Ignore all errors in commands executed to remake files.

       -I dir, --include-dir=dir
            Specifies a directory dir to search for  included  makefiles.   If
            several  -I  options  are used to specify several directories, the
            directories are searched in the order specified.  Unlike the argu-
            ments  to other flags of make, directories given with -I flags may
            come directly after the flag: -Idir is allowed, as well as -I dir.
            This syntax is allowed for compatibility with the C preprocessor's
            -I flag.

       -j [jobs], --jobs[=jobs]
            Specifies the number of jobs (commands) to run simultaneously.  If
            there  is  more than one -j option, the last one is effective.  If
            the -j option is given without an argument, make  will  not  limit
            the number of jobs that can run simultaneously.

       -k, --keep-going
            Continue  as  much  as  possible after an error.  While the target
            that failed, and those that depend on it, cannot  be  remade,  the
            other dependencies of these targets can be processed all the same.

       -l [load], --load-average[=load]
            Specifies that no new jobs (commands) should be started  if  there
            are  others  jobs running and the load average is at least load (a
            floating-point number).  With no argument, removes a previous load
            limit.

       -L, --check-symlink-times
            Use the latest mtime between symlinks and target.

       -n, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon
            Print  the  commands  that  would  be executed, but do not execute
            them.

       -o file, --old-file=file, --assume-old=file
            Do not remake the file file even if it is older than its dependen-
            cies,  and  do  not remake anything on account of changes in file.
            Essentially the file is treated as very  old  and  its  rules  are
            ignored.

       -p, --print-data-base
            Print  the data base (rules and variable values) that results from
            reading the makefiles; then execute as usual or as otherwise spec-
            ified.   This  also prints the version information given by the -v
            switch (see below).  To print the  data  base  without  trying  to
            remake any files, use make -p -f/dev/null.

       -q, --question
            ``Question  mode''.   Do  not run any commands, or print anything;
            just return an exit status that is zero if the  specified  targets
            are already up to date, nonzero otherwise.

       -r, --no-builtin-rules
            Eliminate  use of the built-in implicit rules.  Also clear out the
            default list of suffixes for suffix rules.

       -R, --no-builtin-variables
            Don't define any built-in variables.

       -s, --silent, --quiet
            Silent operation; do not print the commands as they are  executed.

       -S, --no-keep-going, --stop
            Cancel  the  effect  of  the  -k  option.  This is never necessary
            except in a recursive make where -k might be  inherited  from  the
            top-level make via MAKEFLAGS or if you set -k in MAKEFLAGS in your
            environment.

       -t, --touch
            Touch files (mark them up to date without  really  changing  them)
            instead  of  running their commands.  This is used to pretend that
            the commands were done, in order to  fool  future  invocations  of
            make.

       -v, --version
            Print  the version of the make program plus a copyright, a list of
            authors and a notice that there is no warranty.

       -w, --print-directory
            Print a message containing the working directory before and  after
            other  processing.   This  may  be useful for tracking down errors
            from complicated nests of recursive make commands.

       --no-print-directory
            Turn off -w, even if it was turned on implicitly.

       -W file, --what-if=file, --new-file=file, --assume-new=file
            Pretend that the target file has just been  modified.   When  used
            with  the -n flag, this shows you what would happen if you were to
            modify that file.  Without -n, it is almost the same as running  a
            touch  command  on the given file before running make, except that
            the modification time is changed only in the imagination of  make.

       --warn-undefined-variables
            Warn when an undefined variable is referenced.

EXIT STATUS
       GNU make exits with a status of zero if all makefiles were successfully
       parsed and no targets that were built failed.  A status of one will  be
       returned  if  the  -q  flag  was used and make determines that a target
       needs to be rebuilt.  A status of two will be returned  if  any  errors
       were encountered.

SEE ALSO
       The GNU Make Manual

BUGS
       See the chapter `Problems and Bugs' in The GNU Make Manual.

AUTHOR
       This  manual  page  contributed by Dennis Morse of Stanford University.
       It has been reworked by Roland McGrath.  Further updates contributed by
       Mike Frysinger.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright  (C)  1992,  1993,  1996, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       This file is part of GNU make.

       GNU make is free software; you can redistribute  it  and/or  modify  it
       under  the  terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
       Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or  (at  your  option)  any
       later version.

       GNU make is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
       ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of  MERCHANTABILITY  or
       FITNESS  FOR  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
       for more details.

       You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
       with  GNU  make; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free Soft-
       ware  Foundation,  Inc.,  51  Franklin  St,  Fifth  Floor,  Boston,  MA
       02110-1301, USA.



GNU                             22 August 1989                         MAKE(1)