WAVE 包头

1.FORMAT

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms713498.aspx

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms713497.aspx

typedef struct { 
    WORD  wFormatTag; 
    WORD  nChannels; 
    DWORD nSamplesPerSec; 
    DWORD nAvgBytesPerSec; 
    WORD  nBlockAlign; 
    WORD  wBitsPerSample; 
    WORD  cbSize; 
} WAVEFORMATEX; 
 

Members

wFormatTag

1)在 Mmreg.h 查看完整tag信息. For one- or two-channel PCM data, this value should be WAVE_FORMAT_PCM.

2)When this structure is included in a WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE structure, this value must be WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE.

nChannels

Monaural data uses one channel and stereo data uses two channels.

nSamplesPerSec  （一个channel）

Sample rate, in samples per second (hertz). If wFormatTag is WAVE_FORMAT_PCM, then common values for nSamplesPerSec are 8.0 kHz, 11.025 kHz, 22.05 kHz, and 44.1 kHz. 

nAvgBytesPerSec （所有channel）

Required average data-transfer rate, in bytes per second, for the format tag.

 If wFormatTag is WAVE_FORMAT_PCM,nAvgBytesPerSec = nSamplesPerSec * nBlockAlign. 

 For example, 16-bit stereo at 44.1 kHz has an average data rate of 176,400 bytes per second (2 channels  — 2 bytes per sample per channel  — 44,100 samples per second).

nBlockAlign （所有channel）

Block alignment, in bytes. The block alignment is the minimum atomic unit of data for the wFormatTag format type. If wFormatTag is WAVE_FORMAT_PCM or WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE, nBlockAlign must be equal to the product of nChannels and wBitsPerSampledivided by 8 (bits per byte). 

Software must process a multiple of nBlockAlign bytes of data at a time. Data written to and read from a device must always start at the beginning of a block. For example, it is illegal to start playback of PCM data in the middle of a sample (that is, on a non-block-aligned boundary).

For PCM data, the block alignment is the number of bytes used by a single sample, including data for both channels if the data is stereo. For example, the block alignment for 16-bit stereo PCM is 4 bytes (2 channels  — 2 bytes per sample).

wBitsPerSample（一个channel）

Bits per sample for the wFormatTag format type. If wFormatTag is WAVE_FORMAT_PCM, then wBitsPerSample should be equal to 8 or 16. 

For non-PCM formats, this member must be set according to the manufacturer's specification of the format tag. If wFormatTagis WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE, this value can be any integer multiple of 8 and represents the container size, not necessarily the sample size; for example, a 20-bit sample size is in a 24-bit container. Some compression schemes cannot define a value forwBitsPerSample, so this member can be 0.

一般情况下，一帧PCM是由2048次采样组成的

2.FORMAT CHUNK

下面我们具体地分析 WAVE 文件的格式

endian	field name	Size
big	ChunkID	4	文件头标识，一般就是" RIFF" 四个字母
little	ChunkSize	4	整个数据文件的大小，不包括上面ID和Size本身
big	Format	4	一般就是" WAVE" 四个字母
big	SubChunk1ID	4	格式说明块，本字段一般就是"fmt "
little	SubChunk1Size	4	本数据块的大小，不包括ID和Size字段本身
little	AudioFormat	2	音频的格式说明
little	NumChannels	2	声道数
little	SampleRate	4	采样率
little	ByteRate	4	比特率，每秒所需要的字节数
little	BlockAlign	2	数据块对齐单元
little	BitsPerSample	2	采样时模数转换的分辨率
big	SubChunk2ID	4	真正的声音数据块，本字段一般是"data"
little	SubChunk2Size	4	本数据块的大小，不包括ID和Size字段本身
little	Data	N	音频的采样数据

以下是对各个字段的详细解说：

ChunkID	4bytes	ASCII 码表示的“RIFF”。（0x52494646）
ChunkSize	4bytes	36+SubChunk2Size，或是  4 + ( 8 + SubChunk1Size ) + ( 8 + SubChunk2Size )，  这是整个数据块的大小（不包括ChunkID和ChunkSize的大小）。 即所有长度减8
Format	4bytes	ASCII 码表示的“WAVE”。（0x57415645）
SubChunk1ID		新的数据块（格式信息说明块）  ASCII 码表示的“fmt ”——最后是一个空格。（0x666d7420）
SubChunk1Size	4bytes	本块数据的大小（对于PCM，值为16）。
AudioFormat	2bytes	PCM = 1 （比如，线性采样），如果是其它值的话，则可能是一些压缩形式
NumChannels	2bytes	1 => 单声道  |  2 => 双声道
SampleRate	4bytes	采样率，如 8000，44100 等值
ByteRate	4bytes	等于： SampleRate * numChannels * BitsPerSample / 8
BlockAlign	2bytes	等于：NumChannels * BitsPerSample / 8
BitsPerSample	2bytes	采样分辨率，也就是每个样本用几位来表示，一般是 8bits 或是 16bits
SubChunk2ID	4bytes	新数据块，真正的声音数据  ASCII 码表示的“data ”——最后是一个空格。（0x64617461）
SubChunk2Size	4bytes	数据大小，即，其后跟着的采样数据的大小。
Data	N bytes	真正的声音数据

 

http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000001.shtml

http://www.moon-soft.com/program/FORMAT/windows/wavec.htm

introduction_to_digital_audio_coding_and_standards.pdf