Metal中的一些概念

坐标

1. Normalized device coordinate system

Vertex functions must provide position data in clip-space coordinates, which are 3D points specified using a four-dimensional homogenous vector (x,y,z,w). The rasterization stage takes the output position and divides the x,y, and z coordinates by w to generate a 3D point in normalized device coordinates. Normalized device coordinates are independent of viewport size.

顶点函数（Vertex functions）必须提供clip-space coordinates中的位置数据，这些数据是使用四维齐次向量four-dimensional homogenous vector （x，y，z，w）指定的3D点。光栅化阶段（rasterization stage）获取输出位置，并将x，y和z坐标除以w，以在**归一化设备坐标（Normalized device coordinates）**中生成3D点。 规范化的设备坐标与视口大小无关。

Figure 2 Normalized device coordinate system

Normalized device coordinates use a left-handed coordinate system and map to positions in the viewport. Primitives are clipped to a box in this coordinate system and then rasterized. The lower-left corner of the clipping box is at an (x,y) coordinate of (-1.0,-1.0) and the upper-right corner is at (1.0,1.0). Positive-z values point away from the camera (into the screen.) The visible portion of the z coordinate is between 0.0 (the near clipping plane) and 1.0 (the far clipping plane).

规范化的设备坐标使用左手坐标系，并将其映射到视口中的位置。 在图元坐标系中将图元裁剪到一个框，然后进行栅格化。

例子

2. texture coordinates

纹理坐标映射：将纹理图像上的位置映射到几何表面上的浮点位置。

For 2D textures, normalized texture coordinates are values from 0.0 to 1.0 in both x and y directions. A value of (0.0, 0.0) specifies the texel at the first byte of the texture data (the top-left corner of the image). A value of (1.0, 1.0) specifies the texel at the last byte of the texture data (the bottom-right corner of the image).

参考资料

【1】Using a Render Pipeline to Render Primitives. https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/using_a_render_pipeline_to_render_primitives?language=objc

【2】Creating and Sampling Textures. https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/creating_and_sampling_textures?language=objc